Perspectives in Interactional Psychology

ISBN-13: 9781461339991 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 335 str.

Lawrence A. Pervin

Opis

An old woman walks slowly up the hill from the store to her house. The hill is quite steep and the packages she carries, heavy. The two ten-year-olds watching her feel sorry for her and, moving toward her, ask if they might help carry the packages. They easily lift them and with almost no effort bring the shopping bags to the top of the hill. After receiving all A's in his first term in college, F. finds that this term is much harder, especially his physics courses, in which he is failing. He has talked to his professor twice, but finds he cannot understand what she is teaching. "Somehow," he thinks, "if she could only present the material in a different way, I could understand it better " A month ago, as B. lay playing quietly in his crib, a toy key slipped out of his hand onto the floor. Almost immediately he turned his attention to another toy, close by, which he took up and put into his mouth. Yesterday, very nearly the same thing happened, except this time as soon as the toy key fell, he began to cry loudly, forcing me to stop what I was doing and retrieve it for him. It seemed in the first case that he forgot it, while yester day, even though it was gone, out of his sight, he still remembered it and wished it back."

Spis treści

Overview of the Internal-External Issue.- 1. Developmental Psychology.- 2. Personality-Social Psychology.- 3. Genetic Psychology.- 4. Perception and Cognition.- 5. Educational Psychology.- 6. Clinical Psychology.- 7. Issues within an Interactional Perspective.- 7.1. Meaning of the Term “Interaction”.- 7.2. Units of Analysis and Analysis of Relationships.- 7.3. Nature of the Observations and a Time-Process Perspective t1.- Dialectics, Transaction, and Piaget’s Theory.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interaction and Transaction.- 2.1. Remembering and Communicating.- 2.2. Comparison of Models.- 2.3. Models of Transactional Processes.- 3. Dialectical Model of Development.- 3.1. Dialogues.- 3.2. Negotiated Development.- 4. Piaget’s Developmental Theory.- 4.1. Causes and Conditions.- 4.2. Dialectical Extensions.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- Situational Analysis and the Study of Behavioral Development.- 1. The Nature of the Stimulus.- 2. Toward a Taxonomy of Situations.- 3. Situation Analysis in Mother-Infant Interaction.- 3.1. Individual Differences.- 4. Other Situational Analyses in Parent-Child Interaction.- References.- Theoretical Approaches to the Analysis of Individual-Environment Interaction.- 1. Murray’s Need-Press Model.- 2. Cognitive, Informational Approaches to Organism-Environment Interaction.- 3. Behavioral and Social Learning Models of Individual-Environment Interaction.- 4. General Systems Theory.- 5. Overview and Summary.- References.- Predicting Prosocial Behavior: A Model for Specifying the Nature of Personality-Situation Interaction.- 1. Personal Goals and the Activating Potential of Situations.- 2. Goal Conflict and the Measurement of Goals and Activation Potentials.- 3. Other Important Personality Characteristics.- 4. Supporting Research.- 5. Concluding Commentss.- References.- Altruism and Human Kindness: Internal and External Determinants of Helping Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Internal versus External Determinants of Helping.- 2.1. Internal Determinants.- 2.2. External Determinants.- 3. Factors Leading to Renewed Interest in Internal Determinants.- 4. Emotional Arousal as an Internal Determinant of Helping.- 4.1. Aversive Arousal as an Egoistic Motivator.- 4.2. Empathic Emotion as an Altruistic Motivator.- 5. Situational Constraints on Altruistic Motivation: Integrating Internal and External Determinants of Helping.- 6. Summary and Conclusion.- References.- Person by Treatment Interactions in Personality Research.- 1. The Issue of Internal versus External Determinants of Behavior.- 1.1. Persons as Sources t21143.- 2.1. The Interaction of Independent Variables-Structure.- 2.2. The Interaction of Independent and Dependent Variables-Process.- 3. Illustrations of Interactions.- 3.1. Mechanistic Models.- 3.2. Dynamic Models.- 4. Person by Situation Interactions in Anxiety.- 4.1. A Multidimensional Model for Person by Situation Interaction for Anxiety.- 4.2. The Multidimensionality of A-State.- 4.3. Summary.- 5. Person by Situation Interactions in Locus of Control.- 5.1. I-E and Situation Interaction Studies.- 5.2. Interactions and Multidimensional Models of I-E.- 5.3. Summary.- 6. Person by Situation Interaction in Conformity.- 6.1. Person by Situation Interaction Studies.- 6.2. Summary.- 7. Looking toward the Future.- 7.1. Goals of Science.- 7.2. A Research Program for Studying Interactions.- 8. Summary.- References.- Behavior Genetics from an Interactional Point of View.- 1. Some Definitions.- 2. Current Approaches to GE Interaction.- 2.1. Medical Models.- 2.2. Biometrical Models.- 3. A Conceptualization of Genotype-Environment Interactions.- 3.1. Developmental Canalization.- 3.2. Genotype-Environment Interaction.- 4. Specification of Genotype.- 5. Specification of Environments.- 6. GE Interaction: An Empirical Question.- Rerefences.- External Stimuli and the Development and Organization of Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Behavioral Development.- 2.1. Sensory Influences in Prenatal Behavioral Development among Birds.- 2.2. Suckling Development and the Role of Sensory Stimuli.- 3. Organization of Reproductive Behavior.- 3.1. Organization of Reproductive Cycles and Behavior.- 3.2. Reproductive Behavior in the Rat>.- 4. Summary and Overview>.- References.- Aptitude-Treatment Interactions in Educational Research.- 1. Definitions.- 1.1. Aptitude.- 1.2. Treatment.- 1.3. Aptitude x Treatment Interaction (ATI).- 2. ATI Hypotheses and Example Studies.- 2.1. An Ability Complex.- 2.2. An Ability-Anxiety-Motivation Complex.- 2.3. The Question of Cognitive Style.- 2.4. Learning in Individual and Small Group Settings.- 3. A Theoretical and Methodological Projection.- 3.1. Construct Validity of Aptitudes.- 3.2. Capitalization and Compensation.- References.- Internal and External Determinants of Behavior in Psychodynamic Theories.- 1. Introduction t1.- 3. Wishes as Cause and Effect.- 4. Perspectives on Personality Development.- 4.1. The Role of “Accomplices” in Development.- 5. Transference and Schemata.- 6. Ties to “Early Objects”.- 7. Therapeutic Implications.- 8. The Relation between Psychoanalysis and Other Approaches.- References.- Stress-Related Transactions between Person and Environment.- 1. Transaction and Interaction.- 1.1. The Transactional Perspective—Pure Description of Process.- 1.2. The Interactional Perspective—The Search for Determinants.- 2. The Concept of Stress.- 3. Early Theoretical Research Efforts of the Lazarus Group.- 3.1. Research on Cognitive Appraisal and Intrapsychic Coping.- 3.2. Limitations of the Laboratory.- 4. Current Transactional Formulations.- 4.1. Cognitive Appraisal Processes.- 4.2. Coping Processes.- 5. Concluding Summary.- References.