The Development of Ambiguous Figure Perception

ISBN-13: 9781444350197 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 140 str.

Marina C. Wimmer; Martin J. Doherty

Opis

This monograph has two aims: first, to identify specific processes of the reversal phenomenon by using a developmental approach. Second, to use ambiguous figures as a research tool to shed more light onto children's developing understanding of pictorial representation.

Spis treści

I. AMBIGUOUS FIGURES.

II. STUDY 1FCONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF AMBIGUOUS FIGURES.

III. STUDY 2FREVERSING AMBIGUOUS FIGURES.

IV. STUDY 3FREVERSING AMBIGUOUS FIGURES AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTION.

V. STUDY 4FREVERSING AMBIGUOUS FIGURES AND MENTAL IMAGERY.

VI. CONCEPTION AND PERCEPTION OF AMBIGUOUS FIGURES.

APPENDIX.

REFERENCES.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

CONTRIBUTORS.

STATEMENT OF EDITORIAL POLICY.

INDEX.

O autorze

Marina C.Wimmer is a lecturer in Psychology at the University of Plymouth (England). Her research focuses on children s cognitive development in several domains: false memories, mental imagery, perception and conception of ambiguous figures, and pictorial representations. Her current research explores how mental imagery develops in children and how that differs from adults.

Martin J. Doherty is a lecturer at the University of Stirling, Scotland. His research focuses on the development of children s understanding of representation. He recently published Theory of Mind: How Children Understand Others Thoughts and Feelings (2009, Psychology Press).

Blurb

Ambiguous figures have fascinated researchers for almost 200 years. The physical properties of these figures remain constant, yet two distinct interpretations are possible; these reverse (switch) from one percept to the other. The consensus is that reversal requires complex interaction of perceptual bottom–up and cognitive topdown elements. The specific processes that allow the phenomenal experience of reversal remain mysterious. This monograph has two aims: first, to identify specific processes of the reversal phenomenon by using a developmental approach. Second, to use ambiguous figures as a research tool to shed more light onto children′s developing understanding of pictorial representation. Four studies (7 experiments), each involving around 60 3–, 4–, and 5–year–old children, using multiple tasks, yielded the following conclusions. The concept of ambiguity develops between the ages of 3 and 4 (Study 1). Understanding ambiguity requires pictorial metarepresentation and is associated with understanding mental (false beliefs) and linguistic representation (synonymy, homonymy). This suggests a broader conceptual development of representation around the age of 4. The perception of ambiguity develops between 4 and 5 years (Study 2). Within this age range children also develop inhibitory (Study 3) and image generation abilities (Study 4). These are key processes allowing reversal. Further, when task demands are changed (prompted reversal task; feature identification), children′s reversal reaches ceiling by the age of 5 (Studies 2, 3, and 4). The conclusion is a two–stage empirical Model of reversal: During Stage 1 (between 3 and 4 years), children develop the conception of pictorial ambiguity (top–down knowledge). During Stage 2 (between 4 and 5 years) children develop the necessary additional processes for reversal to occur (inhibition and image generation). These are the key specific top–down and bottom–up developments underlying the phenomenon of ambiguous figure reversal. They correspond to the distinction of ambiguity and reversibility highlighted in adult research.