Introducing Psychological Research

ISBN-13: 9781403900388 / Angielski / Miękka / 2008 / 592 str.

Philip Banyard;Andrew Grayson

Opis

This edition provides full summaries of the most important psychological research studies and includes an expanded section on methodology. The studies have been selected to highlight the major areas of psychology and studies are grouped under headings of social, developmental, cognitive and biological psychology.

Spis treści

SECTION ONE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY.- CHAPTER 1 SOCIAL INFLUENCE.- EIGHT OUT OF TEN OWNERS SAID THEIR CATS PREFERRED IT.- ASCH, S. E. (1955). Opinions and social pressure. Scientific American, 193, 31-35..- BE A GOOD BOY AND DO AS YOU ARE TOLD.- MILGRAM, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 371-78..- GOING UNDERGROUND.- PILIAVIN, I.M., RODIN, J.A & PILIVIN,J. (1969) Good Samaritanism: An underground phenomenon? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 289-99.- WALK ON BY.- LEVINE, R.M (1999) Rethinking bystander on-intervention. Human Relations, 52, 1133-1155.- CHAPTER 2 SOCIAL JUDGEMENTS.- IS SHE REALLY GOING OUT WITH HIM?.- NISBETT, R. E., CAPUTO, C., LEGANT, P. & MARECEK, J. (1973). Behaviour as seen by the actor and as seen by the observer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 154-64..- I'M NOT PREJUDICED, BUT ....- LaPIERE, R. T. (1934). Attitudes vs. actions. Social Forces, 13, 230-37..- CHANGING OUR MINDS.- FESTINGER, L. & CARLSMITH, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-10..- THE MINIMAL GROUP STUDIES.- TAJFEL, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223, 96-102..- SHOCK AND AWE.- FISCHOFF et al. (2005) Evolving Judgements of Terror Risks: Foresight, Hindsight and Emotion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: 2005, Vol 11, No2 124-139.- CHAPTER 3 SOCIAL INTERACTION.- THE ROBBER'S CAVE.- SHERIF, M. (1956). Experiments in group conflict. Scientific American, 195, 54-58..- TYRANNY.- REICHER, S & HASLAM, S.A (2006) Rethinking the Psychology of tyranny: The BBC prison study BJSP 45 1-40.- THE MOTHER AND FATHER OF ALL GROUPS.- BALES, R.F (1955). How people interact in conferences. Scientific American 192, 31-35.- THE PRISON SIMULATION.- HANEY, C, BANKS, W.C & ZIMBARDO, P.G ( 1973) A study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison. Naval Research Review, 30 4-17.- SMALL WORLDS AND GETTING SMALLER .- DODD, P. MUHAMAD, R & WATTS, D (2003) An experimental study of search in global social networks. Science, 301, 827-829 .- SECTION TWO COMPARATIVE AND BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY.- CHAPTER 4 LEARNING.- THE FLIGHT OF THE KILLER PIGEONS.- SKINNER, B.F. (1960). Pigeons in a pelican. American Psychologist, 15, 28-37..- WHAT'S YOUR PLEASURE?.- OLDS, J., & MILNER, P. (1954). Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of the septal area and other regions of the rat brain. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 47, 419-427..- LEARNING TO BE HELPLESS.- SELIGMAN, M. E. P. & MAIER, S. F. (1967). Failure to escape traumatic shock. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74, 1-9..- TALKING TO THE ANIMALS.- GARDNER. R. A. & GARDNER, B. T. (1969). Teaching sign language to a chimpanzee. Science, 16-5, 664-72..- BASHING BOBO.- BANDURA, A., ROSS, D. & ROSS, S.A (1961) Teaching Sign Language to a chimpanzee. Science, 16-5, 664-72.- CHAPTER 5 COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY.- THE COLONY OF MONKEYS.- RAWLINS, R. (1979). Forty years of rhesus research. New Scientist, 82, 108-10..- A FISHY TALE.- TINBERGEN, N. (1952). The curious behaviour of the stickleback. Scientific American, 187, 22-26..- RAT CITY: THE BEHAVIOURAL SINK.- CALHOUN, J.13. (1962). Population density and social pathology. Scientific American, 206, 139-48..- JUST MONKEYING AROUND.- ALEXANDER, G.M & HINES, M (2002). Sex Differences in response to children's toys in nonhuman primates. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 23, 467-479.- CHAPTER 6 BIO-PSYCHOLOGY.- A BRAIN OF TWO HALVES.- SPERRY, R. W. (1968). Hemisphere deconnection and unity in conscious awareness. American Psychologist, 23, 723-33..- HOW DO YOU FEEL?.- SCHACHTER, S. & SINGER, J. E. (1962). Cognitive, social and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69, 379-99..- TO SLEEP, PERCHANCE TO DREAM.- DEMENT, W & KLEITMAN, N. (1957). The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity: An objective method for the study of dreaming. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53, 339-46..- MURDERERS!.- RAINE, A., BUCHSBAUM, M., & LaCASSE, L. (1997). Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by positron emission tomography. Biological Psychiatry, 42(6), 495-508..- WHERE DOES IT HURT?.- MELZACK, R. (1992) Phantom limbs. Scientific American, Apil 90-96.- PART THREE DIVERSITY.- CHAPTER 7 IDENTITY.- BLACK DOLLS AND WHITE DOLLS.- HRABA., J & GRANT, G. (1970) Black is Beautiful. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 398-402.- BLACK IDENTITY.- NOBLES, W.W (1976) Extended Self. Rethinking the so-called Negro self-concept. Journal of Black Psychology, 2 15-24.- THE BOY WHO WAS RAISED AS A GIRL: PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAGEDY.- DIAMOND, M. & SIGMUNDSON (1997) Sex Reassignment at Birth. Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine. 151. 298-304.- MIRROR MIRROR ON THE WALL.- KOFF, E. (1983) Through the looking glass of menarche. In S. Golub (ed), Menarche, pp 77-86. Lexington, Mass:D. Heath..- GIRLS JUST WANT TO HAVE FUN.- KITTO, J. (1989) Gender reference terms. British Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 185-87.- CHAPTER 8 ABNORMALITY.- YOU DON'T HAVE TO BE MAD TO WORK HERE. YOU DON'T EVEN HAVE TO BE MAD TO BE IN HERE....- ROSENHAN, D. L. (1973). On being sane in insane places. Science, 179, 250-58..- PARANOID HUMANOID.- GRIFFITH, J.D et al (1973) Dextroamphetamine: Evaluation of psychimetic properties in man. Archive of General Psychiatry, 26, 97-100.- THE THREE FACES OF EVE.- THIGPEN, C. H. & CLECKLEY, H. (1954). A case of multiple personality Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49, 135-51..- FEAR TODAY, GONE TOMORROW.- LANG, P. J. & LAZOVIK, A. D. (1963). Experimental desensitisation of a phobia. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 519-25..- CHAPTER 9 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES.- THE BIG FIVE.- McCRAE, R.R & COSTA, P.T (1987) Validation of the five factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52. 81-90.- MEASURING MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY.- BEM, S.L (1974) The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-62.- MISMEASURING INTELLIGENCE.- GOULD, S.J (1982) A nation of morons. New Scientist (6 May 1982) 349-52.- A BRAVE NEW WORLD.- PLOMIN, R., & DANIELS, D. (1987) Why are children in the same family so different from one another? Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 10 1-16.- SECTION FOUR DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY.- CHAPTER 10 ATTACHMENT.- CAN YOU HEAR ME MOTHER?.- HARLOW, H. F. (1959). Love in infant monkeys. Scientific American, 200, 68-74..- FAMILY LIFE.- HODGES, J. & TIZARD, B. (1989b)..- Social and family relationships of ex-institutional adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 77-97..- EMOTIONAL DEPRIVATION.- KOLUCHOVÁ J. (1972). Severe deprivation in twins: A case study Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13, 107-14..- THE BEHAVIOUR OF NEWBORN CHILDREN IN TWO DIFFERENT CULTURES.- BRAZELTON, T. B., KOSLOWSKI, B., & TRONICK, E. (1976). Neonatal behavior among urban Zambians and Americans. Journal of Child Psychiatry, 15, 97-107..- CHAPTER 11 THE CLASSIC APPROACHES.- I WANT A GIRL, JUST LIKE THE GIRL THAT MARRIED DEAR OLD DAD.- FREUD, S. (1909) Analysis of a phobia of five year old boy.. The Pelican Freud Library (1977), Vol 8, Case Histories 1, pp 169-306.- PIAGET'S COGNITIVE APPROACH.- SAMUEL, J. & BRYANT, P. (1984) Asking only one question in the conservation experiment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 25 315-18.- THE TALE OF LITTLE ALBERT.- WATSON, J.B & RAYNER, R (1920) Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3 1-14..- VYGOTSKY'S SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVIST APRROACH.- WOOD, WOOD & MIDDLETON (1978) An experimental evaluation of four face-to-face teaching strategies. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 1, 131-147.- CHAPTER 12 COMMUNICATION.- THE DANCE OF THE NEONATES.- CONDON, W. S. & SANDER, L. W. (1974). Neonate movement is synchronized with adult speech: Interactional participation and language acquisition. Science, 183, 99-101..- LISTEN WITH MOTHER.- FERNALD, A. (1985). Four-month-old infants prefer to listen to motherese. Infant Behavior and Development, 8, 181-95..- TALKING PROPER.- LABOV, W. (1969). The logic of nonstandard English. .- In P. P. Giglioli (ed.) Language and Social Context, pp. 179-215. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. Originally in Georgetown Monographs on Language and Linguistics, 2, 1-31..- ALL THE KING'S HORSES AND ALL THE KING'S MEN..,.- BRYANT, P.E., BRADLEY, L., MacLEAN, M., & CROSSLAND, J. (1989).- Nursery rhymes, phonological skills and reading. Journal of Child Language, 16 407-428.- SECTION FIVE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY.- CHAPTER 13 MEMORY.- REMEMBERING PICTURES.- BARTLETT, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, pp. 177-85. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press..- EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY.- LOFTUS, E. F. & PALMER, J. C. (1974). Reconstruction of auto-mobile destruction; An example of the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585-89..- MODELS OF MEMORY.- CRAIK, F. I. M. & LOCKHART, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671-84..- FALSE OR RECOVERED MEMORIES.- LOFTU, E. & PICKERELL, J. (1995).- The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25, 720-725.- CHAPTER 14 PERCEPTION.- WALKING OFF A CLIFF.- GIBSON, E. J. & WALK, R. D. (1960). The 'visual cliff'. Scientific American, 202, 64-71..- WHY DID THE ANTELOPE CROSS THE ROAD?.- DEREGOWSKI, J. B. (1972). Pictorial perception and culture. Scientific American, 227, 82-88..- WALK LIKE A MAN ....- KOZLOWSKI, L.T. & CUTTING, J.E. (1977) Recognizing the Sex of a Walker from a Dynamic Point-Light Display. Perception and Psychophysics, 21(6), 575-580.- ARE YOU HAVING A LAUGH?.- CARROLL, P.J, YOUNG, J.R & GUERTIN, M.S. (1992) Visual Analysis of Cartoons. Eye Movements and Visual Cognition: Scene Perception and Reading, pp 444-461. New York: Springer-Verlag..- CHAPTER 15 MIND AND THOUGHT.- AUTISM AND THEORIES OF MIND.- BARON-COHEN, S., LESLIE, A.M. & FRITH, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a 'theory of mind'? Cognition, 21, 37-46..- I'M SORRY DAVE, I CAN'T DO THAT.- SEARLE, J. R. (1980). Minds, brains and programs. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, 417-57..- IS IT A BIRD, IS IT A PLANE ...?.- COLLINS, A.M. & QUILLIAN, M.R. (1969) Retrieval Time from Semantic Memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 8, 240-47.- WHAT COLOUR IS WEDNESDAY?.- RAMANCHANDRAN, V.S & HUBBARD, E.M (2001) Psychophysical investigations into the neural basis of synaesthesia. Proceedings of the Royal Society London, 268, 979-983.- CHAPTER 16 ATTENTION.- NOW YOU SEE IT, NOW YOU DON'T.- SPERLING, G. (1960) Psychological Monographs, 74 (11, whole No 498).- LISTENING WITH ONE EAR.- GRAY, J.A & WEDDERBURN, A.A.I (1960) Grouping Strategies with simulataneous stimuli. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 180-194.- MONKEY BUSINESS.- SIMONS, D.J & CHABRIS, C.F (1999).- Gorillas in our midst. Perception, 28, 1059-1074.- SECTION SIX PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS .- CHAPTER 17 ANALYSING DATA.- AIDS AND UNCERTAINTY.- WEITZ, R. (1989) Uncertainty and the lives of persons with AIDS, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30, 270-81.- DISCOURSE ANALYSIS.- POTTER, J. & EDWARDS, D. (1990) Nigel Lawson's tent: Discourse analysis, attribution theory and the social psychology of fact. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 405-24.- SHRINK WRAPPED: THE CHOICE OF THERAPIST.- SMITH, M.L &GLASS, G.V (1977) Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist, 32, 752-60.- LIFE IS STRESS.- HOLMES, T.H. & RAHE, R.H (1967) The social re-adjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213-18.- CHAPTER 18 ISSUES IN RESEARCH .- DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS.- ORNE, M. T. (1962). On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. American Psychologist, 17, 776-83..- WHO ARE PSYCHOLOGY'S SUBJECTS?.- SEARS D. O. (1986). College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow data base on psychology's view of human nature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 513-30..- DULL RATS AND BRIGHT RATS.- ROSENTHAL, R. & FODE, K. L. (1963). The effect of experimenter bias on the performance of the albino rat. Behavioral Science, 8, 183-89..- HOW GULLIBLE ARE YOU?.- FORER, B.R. (1949) The fallacy of personal validation: A classroom demonstration of gullibility. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 44 118-21.- why psychology.- MILLER, G.A (1969) Psychology as a means of promoting human welfare. American Psychologist, 24 1063-1075.- CHAPTER 19 HOW DOES PSYCHOLOGICAL RSEARCH GET DONE? .- DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS.- RESEARCH METHOS AND DESIGNS.- QUALITY CONTROL.

O autorze

PHILIP BANYARD is Associate Senior Lecturer in Psychology at Nottingham Trent University, UK, and was Chief Examiner for the OCR A level in Psychology. He has written numerous articles for teachers and students of psychology, and has been teaching introductory level psychology for many years.

ANDREW GRAYSON is Senior Lecturer in Psychology in the Centre for Human Development and Learning at the Open University, UK. He has taught developmental psychology, introductory psychology and research methods at degree level for over twelve years.

Blurb

Introducing Psychological Research offers clear and engaging summaries of the key research studies that have had an enormous impact on the discipline of psychology. Each summary descibes and evaluates how the study was carried out whilst encouraging the student to consider the wider implications of the research findings.
 
The studies have been organised into sections covering the major areas of psychology including social, developmental, biological and cognitive, with a short introduction preceding each part.
 
This third edition has been revised and expanded to include fourteen more studies, along with a new focus on methodology, that offers an illuminating insight into how this discipline continues to advance upon previously established ideas and includes explorations in neuroscience and evolutionary psychology. The book provides lively and lucid summaries of both classic and contemporary studies making this the perfect text for students first studying psychology.