1. Understanding knowledge creation: a re-reading of female Islamic education movements; Part I. The Power of Dispersed Knowledge: 2. Incentivising creative outcomes: historical patterns; 3. Knowledge production and student profiles; Part II. Incentivising the Mixing of Knowledge: 4. Institutional shifts: facilitating emergence; 5. Institutional shifts: facilitating expansion; 6. Institutional shifts: the rise of Western feminism; Part III. Conclusion: 7. Incentivising creative outcomes: looking forward.