Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements

ISBN-13: 9781119706403 / Angielski / Miękka / 2021 / 624 str.

Richard S. Figliola;Donald E. Beasley

Spis treści

1 FUNDAMENTAL OF MEASUREMENTS1.1 Introduction1.2 General Measurement System1.3 Experimental Test Plan1.4 Calibration1.5 Standards1.6 Presenting Data1.7 Loading Effects1.8 Applications of Measurement SystemsSummaryNomenclatureReferencesProblems2 STATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SIGNALS2.1 Introduction2.2 Input/Output Signal Concepts2.3 Signal Analysis2.4 Signal Amplitude and Frequency2.5 Fourier Transform and the Frequency SpectrumSummaryReferencesSuggested ReadingNomenclature,Problems3 MEASUREMENT SYSTEM BEHAVIOR3.1 Introduction,3.2 General Model for a Measurement System3.3 Special Cases of the General System Model3.4 Transfer Functions3.5 Phase Linearity3.6 Multiple-Function Inputs3.7 Coupled SystemsSummaryReferencesNomenclatureSubscriptsProblems4 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS4.1 Introduction4.2 Statistical Measurement Theory4.3 Describing the Behavior of a Population4.4 Statistics of Finite-Sized Data Sets4.5 Hypothesis Testing4.6 Chi-Squared Distribution4.7 Regression Analysis4.8 Data Outlier Detection4.9 Number of Measurements Required4.10 Monte Carlo Simulations4.11. Maximum Likelihood TheorySummaryReferencesNomenclatureProblems5 ERRORS AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS5.1 Introduction5.2 Measurement Errors5.3 Design-Stage Uncertainty Analysis5.4 Identifying Error Sources5.5 Systematic and Random Errors and Standard Uncertainties5.6 Uncertainty Analysis: Multi-Variable Error Propagation5.7 Advanced-Stage Uncertainty Analysis5.8 Multiple-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis5.9 Correction for Correlated Errors5.10 Nonsymmetrical Systematic Uncertainty IntervalSummaryReferencesNomenclatureProblems6 ANALOG ELECTRICAL DEVICES AND MEASUREMENTS6.1 Introduction6.2 Analog Devices: Current Measurements6.3 Analog Devices: Voltage Measurements6.4 Analog Devices: Resistance Measurements6.5 Loading Errors and Impedance Matching6.6 Analog Signal Conditioning: Amplifiers6.7 Analog Signal Conditioning: Special-Purpose Circuits6.8 Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters,6.9 Grounds, Shielding, and Connecting WiresSummaryReferencesNomenclatureProblems7 SAMPLING, DIGITAL DEVICES, AND DATA ACQUISITION7.1 Introduction7.2 Sampling Concepts7.3 Digital Devices: Bits and Words7.4 Transmitting Digital Numbers: High and Low Signals7.5 Voltage Measurements7.6 Data Acquisition Systems7.7 Data Acquisition System Components7.8 Analog Input-Output Communication7.9 Digital Input-Output Communication7.10 Digital Image Acquisition and ProcessingSummaryReferencesNomenclatureProblems8 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS8.1 Introduction8.2 Temperature Standards and Definition8.3 Thermometry Based on Thermal Expansion8.4 Electrical Resistance Thermometry8.5 Thermoelectric Temperature Measurement8.6 Radiative Temperature Measurements8.7 Physical Errors in Temperature Measurement,SummaryReferencesSuggested ReadingNomenclatureProblems9 PRESSURE AND VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS9.1 Introduction9.2 Pressure Concepts9.3 Pressure Reference Instruments9.4 Elastic Pressure Transducers9.5 Pressure Transducer Calibration9.6 Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids9.7 Modeling Pressure-Fluid Systems9.8 Design and Installation: Transmission Effects9.9 Acoustical Measurements9.10 Fluid Velocity Measuring SystemsSummaryReferencesNomenclatureProblems10 FLOWMEASUREMENTS10.1 Introduction10.2 Historical Background10.3 Flow Rate Concepts10.4 Volume Flow Rate through Velocity Determination10.5 Pressure Differential Meters10.6 Insertion Volume Flow Meters10.7 Mass Flow Meters10.8 Flow Meter Calibration and Standards10.9 Estimating Standard Flow RateSummaryReferencesNomenclatureProblems11 STRAIN MEASUREMENT11.1 Introduction11.2 Stress and Strain11.3 Resistance Strain Gauges11.4 Strain Gauge Electrical Circuits11.5 Practical Considerations for Strain Measurement11.6 Apparent Strain and Temperature Compensation11.7 Optical Strain Measuring TechniquesSummaryReferencesNomenclatureProblems12 MECHATRONICS: SENSORS, ACTUATORS, AND CONTROLS12.1 Introduction12.2 Sensors12.3 Actuators12.4 ControlsSummaryReferencesNomenclatureProblemsA PROPERTY DATA AND CONVERSION FACTORSB LAPLACE TRANSFORM BASICSB.1 Final Value TheoremB.2 Laplace Transform PairsC Standard Normal TableReferenceGLOSSARYINDEX