A Comprehensive Guide to Radiographic Sciences and Technology

ISBN-13: 9781119581840 / Angielski / Miękka / 2021 / 240 str.

Euclid Seeram

Spis treści

ForewordPrefaceSECTION 1: INTRODUCTIONChapter 1: Radiographic Sciences and Technology: An OverviewRadiographic Imaging Systems: Major Modalities and ComponentsRadiographic Imaging PhysicsEssential Physics of Diagnostic ImagingDigital Radiographic Imaging ModalitiesRadiographic Exposure TechniqueImage Quality ConsiderationsComputed Tomography-Physics and InstrumentationQuality ControlImaging Informatics at a GlanceRadiation Protection and Dose OptimizationRadiobiologyTechnical Factors Affecting Dose in Radiographic ImagingRadiation Protection in Diagnostic RadiographyRadiation Protection RegulationsOptimization of Radiation ProtectionReferencesChapter 2: Digital Radiographic Imaging Systems: Major ComponentsFilm-Screen Radiography: A Short Review of PrinciplesDigital Radiography Modalities: Major System ComponentsComputed RadiographyFlat-Panel Digital RadiographyDigital FluoroscopyDigital MammographyComputed TomographyImage Communication SystemsPicture Archiving and Communication SystemReferencesSECTION 2: BASIC RADIOGRAPHIC SCIENCES and TECHNOLOGYChapter 3: Basic Physics of Diagnostic RadiographyStructure of the AtomNucleusElectrons, Quantum Levels, Binding Energy, Electron VoltsEnergy Dissipation in MatterExcitationIonizationTypes of RadiationElectromagneticParticulateX-Ray GenerationX-Ray ProductionProperties of X-raysOrigin of X-RaysCharacteristic RadiationBremstrahlung RadiationX-ray EmissionX-Ray Beam Quantity and QualityFactors Affecting X-Ray Beam Quantity and QualityInteraction of Radiation with MatterMechanisms of Interaction in Diagnostic X-Ray ImagingRadiation AttenuationLinear Attenuation CoefficientMass Attenuation CoefficientHalf Value LayerRadiation Quantities and UnitsReferencesChapter 4: The X-Ray Tube and GeneratorPhysical Components of the X-Ray MachineComponents of the X-Ray CircuitThe Power Supply to the X-Ray CircuitThe Low Voltage Section (Control Console)The High Voltage SectionTypes of X-Ray GeneratorsThree-Phase GeneratorsHigh-Frequency GeneratorsPower RatingsThe X-Ray Tube: Structure and FunctionMajor ComponentsSpecial X-Ray Tubes: Basic Design FeaturesDouble-Bearing AxleHeat Capacity and Heat Dissipation ConsiderationsX-Ray Beam Filtration and CollimationInherent and Added FiltrationEffects of Filtration on X-ray Tube Output IntensityHalf-Value LayerCollimationReferencesChapter 5: Digital Image Processing at a GlanceDigital Image ProcessingDefinitionImage Formation and RepresentationProcessing OperationsCharacteristics of Digital ImagesGray Scale ProcessingWindowingConclusionReferencesChapter 6: Digital Radiographic Imaging Modalities: Principles and TechnologyComputer RadiographyEssential StepsBasic Physical PrinciplesResponse of the IP to Radiation ExposureStandardized Exposure IndicatorFlat-Panel Digital RadiographyWhat is Flat-Panel Digital Radiography (FPDR)?Types of FPDR SystemsBasic Physical Principles of Indirect and Direct Flat-Panel DetectorsThe Fill Factor of the Pixel in the Flat-Panel DetectorExposure IndicatorImage Quality Descriptors for DR SystemsContinuous Quality Improvement for DR SystemsDigital FluoroscopyDigital Fluoroscopy ModesImage Intensifier-Based Digital Fluoroscopy CharacteristicsFlat-Panel Digital Fluoroscopy CharacteristicsDigital MammographyScreen-Film Mammography: Basic PrinciplesFull-Field Digital Mammography-Major ElementsDigital Tomosynthesis at a GlanceImaging System CharacteristicsSynthesized 2D Digital MammographyReferencesChapter 7: Image Quality and DoseThe process of Creating an ImageImage Quality MetricsContrastContrast ResolutionSpatial ResolutionNoiseContrast-to-Noise RatioSignal-to-Noise RatioArtifactsDose and Image QualityDigital Detector Response to the DoseDetective Quantum EfficiencyReferencesSECTION 3: COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY: BASIC PHYSICS and TECHNOLOGYChapter 8: The Essential Technical Aspects of Computed TomographyPhysicsRadiation AttenuationTechnologyData Acquisition: Principles and ComponentsImage ReconstructionImage Display, Storage, and CommunicationMultiSlice CT (MSCT): Principles and TechnologySlip-Ring TechnologyX-Ray Tube TechnologyInterpolation AlgorithmsMSCT Detector TechnologySelectable Scan ParametersIsotropic CT ImagingMSCT Image ProcessingImage PostprocessingWindowing3-D Image Display TechniquesImage QualitySpatial ResolutionContrast ResolutionNoiseRadiation ProtectionCT DosimetryFactors Affecting Patient DoseOptimizing Radiation ProtectionConclusionReferencesSECTION 4: CONTINUOUS QUALITY IMPROVEMENTChapter 9: Fundamentals of Quality ControlIntroductionDefinitionsEssential Steps of QCQC ResponsibilitiesSteps in Conducting a QC TestThe Tolerance Limits or Acceptance CriteriaParameters for QC MonitoringQC Testing FrequencyTools for QC TestingThe Format of a QC TestPerformance Criteria/Tolerance Limits for Common QC TestsRadiographyFluoroscopyRepeat Image AnalysisComputed Tomography QC Tests for TechnologistsReferencesSECTION 5: PACS and IMAGING INFORMATICSChapter 10: Imaging Informatics at a GlanceIntroductionPicture Archiving and Communication Systems: Characteristic FeaturesDefinitionCore Technical ComponentsImaging Informatics?Enterprise ImagingCloud ComputingBig DataArtificial IntelligenceMachine Learning and Deep LearningApplications in Medical ImagingAI in CT Image ReconstructionEthics of AI in Radiology-A Joint Multi-Society Summary Statement.ReferencesSECTION 5: RADIATION PROTECTIONChapter 11: Basic Concepts of RadiobiologyWhat is Radiobiology?Generalizations About Radiation Effects on Living OrganismsRelevant Physical ProcessesIonizationExcitationLinear Energy TransferRelative Biological EffectivenessRadiolysis of WaterDose-Response ModelsThe Linear Non-Threshold (LNT) Dose-Response ModelThe Linear Threshold Dose-Response ModelStochastic EffectsDeterministic EffectsRadiation Effects on the ConceptusReferencesChapter 12: Technical Dose Factors in Radiography, Fluoroscopy, and CTDose Factors in Digital RadiographyThe X-Ray GeneratorExposure Technique FactorsX-Ray Beam FiltrationCollimation and Field SizeSID and SSDPatient Thickness and DensityScattered Radiation GridThe Sensitivity of the Image ReceptorDose Factors in FluoroscopyFluoroscopic Exposure FactorsFluoroscopic Equipment FactorsCT Radiation Dose Factors and Dose Optimization ConsiderationsDose Distribution in the PatientCT dose MetricsFactors Affecting the Dose in CTDose Optimization OverviewReferencesChapter 13: Essential Principles of Radiation ProtectionIntroductionWhy Radiation Protection?Categories of Data from Human ExposureRadiation Dose-Risk ModelsSummary of Biological EffectsRadiation Protection OrganizationsObjectives of Radiation ProtectionRadiation Protection PhilosophyICRP Radiation Protection FrameworkJustificationOptimizationDose LimitsDose LimitsPersonal ActionsTimeShieldingDistanceRadiation Quantities and UnitsSources of Radiation ExposureQuantities and UnitsPersonnel DosimetryOptimization of Radiation ProtectionRegulatory and Guidance RecommendationsDiagnostic Reference LevelsGonadal Shielding: Past ConsiderationsX-Ray Protective ShieldingCurrent State of Gonadal ShieldingReferences Index

O autorze

Dr Euclid Seeram, PhD, MSc, BSc, FCAMRT, currently serves as honorary senior lecturer at the University of Sydney-Faculty of Health Sciences; adjunct associate professor at Monash University-Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences; adjunct professor at Charles Sturt University-Faculty of Science; and Adjunct Associate Professor-Faculty of Health, University of Canberra; in Australia.He has published more than 50 papers in professional radiologic technology journals and has had 20 textbooks published on computed tomography, computers in radiology, radiographic instrumentation, digital radiography, and radiation protection. He is a founding member of the Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences and is now on editorial boards for Radiography; Biomedical Imaging and Intervention Journal; Open Journal of Radiology; Journal of Allied Health; Journal of Social Science & Allied Health Professions. Euclid also serves on the international advisory panel for the Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences.