An Introduction to Behavior Analysis

ISBN-13: 9781119126539 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 464 str.

Gregory J. Madden; Derek D. Reed; Mark Reilly

Spis treści

AN INTRODUCTION TO BEHAVIOR ANALYSISNote: Each chapter includes several brief fill-in-the-blank reading quizzes with answers provided at the back of each chapter.Chapter 1 - An Introduction to Behavior Analysis-What Is Behavior? 1What Is Behavior Analysis? 3The Assumptions of Behavior Analysis- 6Scientific Method- 12What are the Determinants of Behavior? - 15The Activities of Behavior Analysis? - 17Summary - 20Chapter 2: Understanding Behavioral ResearchVariables - 24Correlation vs. Causation - 24Experiments - 25Measuring Behavior - 27Outcome Recording - 33Event Recording - 36Interval Recording - 39Duration Recording - 41Summary - 43Chapter 3: Experimental Designs in Behavior AnalysisGroup Experimental Designs - 49Single-Subject Experimental Designs - 51Comparison (A-B) Design- 52Reversal (A-B-A) Design- 54Alternating- Treatments Design- 55Multiple- Baseline Designs- 57Did Behavior Change- Visual Analysis of Time-Series Data - 64Summary - 76Chapter 4: Phylogenetic Behavior and Pavlovian LearningPhylogenetically Select Behavior- 83Pavlovian Learning - 86Pavlovian Conditioning of Emotions - 89What is Learned During Pavlovian Conditioning? - 93Principles of Effective Pavlovian Conditioning- 95Generalization - 101Pavlovian- Extinction-Based Therapy - 103Extra Box 1 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans - 107Pavlovian Conditioning in Everyday Life - 108Summary - 111Chapter 5: Operant Learning I: ReinforcementOperant Behavior - 117Response- Consequence Contingencies - 119Noncontingent Consequences - 122Changing Behavior with Contingent Consequences - 124Extra Box: Noncontingent Consequences in North Korea - 125Reinforcers, Reinforcement, and Rewards - 126The Discovery of Reinforcement- 127How to Tell if a Consequence Functions as a Reinforcer - 128From Puzzle Boxes to Skinner Boxes - 130Response Variability: Exploring and Exploiting - 131Extra Box 2: Add Some Variability to Your Life - 132The Generic Nature of Operant Behavior - 133Not Every Consequence Functions as a Reinforcer -134Reinforcement in Social Media and Video Games - 137Summary - 138Chapter 6: Operant Learning II: Positive and Negative ReinforcementPositive and Negative Reinforcement - 143Positive Reinforcement - 143Negative Reinforcement - 146Extra Box: What is the Consequence in SRA-? 151Positive or Negative Reinforcement, Is There Really a Difference? 153Using Reinforcement to Positively Influence Behavior - 155Reinforcement in the Workplace - 156Three Objections to Reinforcement - 157Theories of Reinforcement - 162Summary - 165Chapter 7: Extinction and Differential ReinforcementOperant Extinction Following Positive Reinforcement - 170Operant Extinction Following Negative Reinforcement - 171How Quickly Will Operant Extinction Work? - 174Spontaneous Recovery of Operant Behavior - 175Extra Box: How Extinction Informs Theories of Reinforcement - 177Extinction- Induced Emotional Behavior -179Extinction Burst - 179Extinction-Induced Variability- 180Extinction- Induced Resurgence- 181Using Extinction to Positively Influence Behavior - 184Functional Analysis of Self-Injurious Behavior- 186Differential Reinforcement - 187Summary - 193Chapter 8: Primary and Conditioned Reinforcement, and Shaping- page 200Primary Reinforcers - 201Conditioned Reinforcers - 202The Token Economy - 204Arranging Effective Conditioned Reinforcers - 207Extra Box 1: Conditioned Reinforcers in Zoos- 210Clicker Training with Humans - 211Shaping - 213Extra Box 2: Shaping Animal Behavior on the Farm- 214Principles of Effective Shaping- 217Automating Shaping: Percentile Schedules of Reinforcement - 222Summary - 224Chapter 9: Motivation, Reinforcer Efficacy, and Habit FormationEveryday Concepts of Motivation - 230From Motivation to Motivating Operations- 232Extra Box 1: The Cost of Mentalistic Reasoning - 236Identifying Effective Reinforcers: The "Liking" Strategy - 237Extra Box 2: Avoiding Circularity - The Premack Principle - 241Measuring Reinforcer Efficacy - 243Dimensions of Effective Reinforcers - 245Habit Formation - 248Summary - 252Chapter 10: PunishmentPunishers and Punishment - 259Two Kinds of Punishment - Both Decrease Behavior - 261When Should We Punish? - 264Extra Box: Punishment is the Norm - Using it Effectively is Humane - 266Six Characteristics of Effective Punishment Interventions - 266Primary and Conditioned Punishment - 272Some Commonly Used Punishers' - 274The Watchful Eye of the Punisher - 277The Role of Reinforcement in the Act of Punishing - 279Summary - 281Chapter 11: Complex Contingencies of ReinforcementSchedules of Reinforcement - 290Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement - 291The Behavioral Economics of Ratio Schedules- 297Interval Schedules of Reinforcement - 302Why Study Schedules of Reinforcement? - 308Extra Box: Contingency Management - 309Schedule Thinning - 310Scheduling Reinforcers to Enhance Human Performance and Happiness - 313Summary - 313Chapter 12: Antecedent Stimulus ControlPhylogenetic and Pavlovian Stimulus Control - 322Discriminated Operant Behavior - 322Discrimination Training - 330Extra Box 1: Direct Instruction of Reading Skills - 333Generalization - 335Stimulus-Response Chains - 340Extra Box 2: Consciousness - 343Summary - 345Chapter 13: Choice - page 351What is Choice? - 352Four Variables Affecting Choice - 353Choosing Between Uncertain Outcomes - 357Herrnstein's Matching Equation- 358Extra Box 1: The Matching Law, Terrorism, and White Nationalism - 364Substitutes- 366Extra Box 2: What Substitutes for Drug Reinforcers? - 367Using the Matching Law to Positively Influence Behavior - 368Impulsivity and Self-Control - 372Inluencing Impulsive Choice- 378Summary - 380Chapter 14: Verbal Behavior, Rule-Following, and Clinical Behavior AnalysisBehavioral Approaches to Language - 391Rules and Rule-Governed Behavior - 401Breaking the Rules in Clinical Psychology - 408Extra Box: If Thoughts are Important, Prepare to Suffer - 410The Acceptance in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy- 411The Commitment in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy- 412Summary - 414Appendix: Foundational Knowledge Accompanying the BACB Fifth Edition Task List - 421

O autorze

Gregory J. Madden, PhD, is a Professor of Psychology at Utah State University. His research foci are on impulsivity, drug-taking, pollution control, and health decision-making. He was Editor-in-Chief of the APA Handbook of Behavior Analysis and the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. He is a Fellow of the Association for Behavior Analysis International.Derek D. Reed, PhD, BCBA-D, is a Professor of Applied Behavioral Science at the University of Kansas. His research applies behavioral economic concepts to inform public policy and address issues of societal importance. He has served as Associate Editor for The Psychological Record, Behavior Analysis in Practice, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, and Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.Florence D. DiGennaro Reed, PhD, BCBA-D, is an Associate Professor of Applied Behavioral Science at the University of Kansas. Her research examines effective and efficient staff training and performance improvement practices in human service settings. She also conducts translational research in on-campus laboratory facilities. Dr. DiGennaro Reed has served as Associate Editor for Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Journal of Behavioral Education, and Behavior Analysis in Practice.