Joint Cognitive Systems : Patterns in Cognitive Systems Engineering

ISBN-13: 9780849339332 / Angielski / Twarda / 2006 / 219 str.

Professor David D. Woods; Erik Hollnagel

Opis

Synthesizing basic results on how to design human work with complex systems, Joint Cognitive Systems: Patterns in Cognitive Systems Engineering provides examples of successful cognitive systems engineering research and design. It covers patterns in how joint cognitive systems work and those that have emerged from research and design in this field. The authors discuss basic findings or control laws that determine the behavior and performance of joint systems. They also explore how to design joint coverage systems. This text will be welcomed by practitioners of human factors who are in charge of finding solutions that can ensure the safe functioning of technological systems.

Spis treści

Preface

CORE ACTIVITIES AND VALUES
Adaptability versus Limits
Complementarity
Core Values of CSE in Practice
On Systems in CSE
Patterns
Discovering Patterns in Joint Cognitive Systems at Work
A JCS at Work:

JOINT COGNITIVE SYSTEMS ADAPT TO COPE WITH COMPLEXITY
Adaptation in Joint Cognitive Systems at work

BEING BUMPABLE
The Story: A Delay
The Intensive Care Unit the Scene, the Cast, and BackDrop
Coping with Complexity: Parceling out beds by the Bedmeister
Artifacts as Tools: The Bed Book
Preparing for Demand > Supply Situations
Son of coping: Building an ICU from Scratch
Piling Pelion on Ossa: Escalating Demands
Observations on the Incident

DISCOVERY AS FUNCTIONAL SYNTHESIS
'Being Bumpable' as An Example of Studying a JCS at work
Insight and Functional Synthesis

SHAPING THE CONDITIONS OF OBSERVATION
Three Families of Methods
Converging Operations
The Psychologist's Fallacy

FUNCTIONAL SYNTHESES, LAWS, AND DESIGN
Properties of Functional Syntheses
On Laws that Govern Joint cognitive Systems at Work
Challenges To Inform Design
Patterns in How Joint Cognitive Systems Work

ARCHETYPICAL STORIES OF JOINT COGNITIVE SYSTEMS AT WORK
Demands and Adaptation
Affordances
Coordination
Resilience
Story Archetypes in 'Being Bumpable'

ANOMALY RESPONSE
Control Centers in Action
Cascading Effects
Interventions
Revision
Fixation
Generating Hypotheses
Recognizing Anomalies
The Puzzle of Expectancies
Control of Attention
Alarms and Directed Attention
Updating Common Ground When a Team Member Returns
Updating a Shared Frame of Reference
Patterns in Anomaly Response

PATTERNS IN MULTI-THREADED WORK
Managing Multiple Threads in Time
Tempo
Escalation
Coupling
Premature Narrowing
Reframing
Dilemmas
Over-Simplifications

AUTOMATION SURPRISES
The Substitution Myth
Surprises about Automation
Brittleness
Managing Workload in Time
Tailoring
Failure of Machine Explanation
Why is technology so Often Clumsy?
Making Automation a Team Player
A Coordination Breakdown in Response to a Disrupting Event

ON PEOPLE AND COMPUTERS IN JCSS AT WORK
Envisioning The Impact of New Technology
Responsibility in Joint Cognitive Sytems at Work
Problem-Holders
Goal Conflicts
Adapting to Double Binds
Literal-Minded Agents
Norbert's Contrast
Directions for Designing Joint Cognitive Systems that Include Robotic Platforms
Reverberations of New Robotic Technologies

LAWS THAT GOVERN JCSS AT WORK
A Tactic to Reduce the Mis-Engineering of Joint Cognitive Systems
Five Families of First Principles or Laws
Laws That Govern Joint Cognitive Systems at work
Generic Requirements to Design Joint Cognitive Systems that Work
Design Responsibility
Patterns and Stories
Bibliography
Appendix A
Appendix B

Author Index
Subject Index

O autorze

Erik Hollnagel is presently Senior Professor of Patient Safety at the University of Jonkoping, Sweden