Portland Cement: Composition, Production and Properties

ISBN-13: 9780727736116 / Angielski / Twarda / 2011 / 230 str.

Leslie Struble;Paul Livesey;Peter Del Strother

Opis

Portland Cement is one of the most traditional of construction materials. Rising costs of the energy required for its manufacture and the increasing interest in understanding the mechanisms of concrete deterioration, as well as the importance of optimising the use of Portland cement in high quality concrete, have continued to sustain interest in this important material. The book provides an up-to-date introduction to the raw materials and manufacturing processes of Portland cement. It gives an introductory account of cement composition, manufacture, quality assessment, hydration and the resulting microstructure-physical property relationships, and some mechanisms of the chemical degradation of hardened cement paste. The third edition of Portland Cement is fully revised and updated to include the latest British and European Standards for cement and associated test methods as well as recent advances in cement chemistry. It also reflects the emergence of nanoscience applications in cement science and the increased awareness of issues of sustainability.

Spis treści

TOC, Second edition 1. Introduction and composition of Portland cement 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Cementitious systems 1.1.2 Portland cement 1.1.3 Historical aspects 1.2 Composition of Portland cement, 1.2.1 Nomenclature 1.2.2 High-temperature phase equilibria, 1.2.3 Compound composition of Portland cement 1.3 Polymorphism and solid solution in clinker compounds 1.3.1 Tricalcium silicate (alite) 1.3.2 Dicalcium silicate (belite) 1.3.3 Tricalcium aluminate 1.3.4 Calcium aluminoferrite: the ferrite phase 1.4 Minor clinker compounds 2. Raw materials 2.1 Raw materials 2.1.1 Calcareous component 2.1.2 Argillaceous component 2.1.3 Multicomponent mixes 2.1.4 Gypsum 2.1.5 Coal ash 2.2 Proportioning of raw materials 2.2.1 Calculation of the composition of a kiln feed 2.3 Reactivity of the raw materials 2.3.1 Model for combinability 2.4 Physical properties of raw materials 2.4.1 Grindability 3. Production of cement clinker 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Preparation of kiln feed 3.2.1 Wet and semi-wet processes 3.2.2 Dry and semi-dry processes 3.3 Pyroprocessing: principal manufacturing processes 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Wet and semi-wet processes 3.3.3 Dry processes 3.3.4 Semi-dry (Lepol) process 3.3.5 Clinker cooling 3.3.6 Refractories 3.4 Pyroprocessing: physical and chemical processes involved 3.4.1 Preheating 3.4.2 Calcining 3.4.3 Clinkering (sintering in the presence of a liquid phase) 3.4.4 Cooling 3.5 Thermal efficiency of pyroprocessing 3.5.1 Process control 3.5.2 The heat balance process efficiency 3.5.3 Electric power consumption 4. Characterisation of Portland cement clinker 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Chemical analysis by selective dissolution 4.3 Optical microscopy 4.3.1 Characteristics of the principal clinker phases 4.3.1.1 Alite (C3Sdensity 3150 kg/m3) 4.3.1.2 Belite (C2Sdensity 3280 kg/m3) 4.3.1.3 Interstitial phases 4.3.1.4 Minor phase 4.3.2 Quantitative determination of phase composition 4.4 X-ray diffraction 4.4.1 Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis (QXDA) 4.5 Electron microscopy 4.5.1 Backscattered electron (BSE) imaging 4.5.2 X-ray microanalysis 4.6 Concluding remarks 5. Grinding and fineness of cement 5.1 Cement milling 5.1.1 Factors influencing the grindability of clinker 5.1.2 Minor additional constituents 5.1.3 Addition of gypsum 5.2 Fineness of cement 5.2.1 Determination of surface area 5.2.2 Particle size distribution 6. Tests of cement quality 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Chemical composition 6.3 Setting times 6.4 Compressive strength 6.5 Workability 6.6 Soundness 6.7 Heat of hydration 6.8 Concluding remarks durability of concrete 7. The hydration of Portland cement 7.1 Introductio 7.1.1 General introduction 7.1.2 Methods of investigating the kinetics of cement hydration 7.2 Hydration of the individual phases in Portland cement 7.2.1 Tricalcium silicate 7.2.1.1 Kinetics of tricalcium silicate hydration 7.2.1.2 Origin of the dormant (induction) period 7.2.2 Dicalcium silicate 7.2.3 Tricalcium aluminate 7.2.4 Calcium aluminoferrite 7.3 Hydration of Portland cement 7.4 Hydration at elevated temperatures 7.4.1 Delayed (secondary) ettringite formation 7.5 Concluding remarks 8. The nature of hardened cement paste 8.1 Microstructure of hardened cement paste (hcp), 8.2 Surface area and porosity of hardened cement paste 8.2.1 Surface area 8.2.2 Porosity 8.2.3 Pore size distribution 8.3 Physical properties of hardened cement paste 8.3.1 Permeability 8.3.2 Compressive strength 8.3.3 Elastic and inelastic properties 8.3.4 Drying shrinkage 8.4 Nature of the solid solid bond in hardened cement paste 8.5 Modelling microstructure physical property development in hydrating hcp 8.6 Concluding remarks 9. Portland cements and related blended cements 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Type I and related Portland cements 9.2.1 Cements covered by BS 12: 1996 9.2.2 Sulfate-resisting Portland cement (SRPC) 9.2.2.1 Sulfate attack 9.2.2.2 Sulfate-resisting Portland cement 9.3 Cements with additional mineral constituents 9.4 Pozzolanic materials 9.4.1 Nature of the pozzolanic reaction 9.4.2 Fly ash (pulverised fuel ash) 9.4.2.1 Composition 9.4.2.2 Hydration 9.4.3 Natural and related pozzolanas 9.4.4 Silica fume (microsilica) 9.5 Blastfurnace slag and blastfurnace slag cements 9.5.1 Composition 9.5.2 Hydration 9.6 Problems of specification of blended cements 9.6.1 Sulfate-resistance of blended cements 9.6.2 Influence of mineral additions in blende cements on the alkali-silica reaction 10. Admixtures and special cements 10.1 Admixtures 10.1.1 Accelerators 10.1.2 Retarder 10.1.3 Water-reducing (plasticising) admixtures 10.1.4 Air entrainment 10.2 Oilwell cements 10.3 Calcium aluminate cement (CAC) 10.4 Alkali-activated slag and aluminosilicate cements 10.5 Calcium sulfoaluminate cements 10.5.1 Expansive and shrinkage compensated cements 10.5.2 Sulfoaluminate-belite cements 10.5.3 Practical considerations Appendix Pore size distribution from an adsorption isotherm Suggested further reading Index