Analysis of Multiconductor Transmission Lines

ISBN-13: 9780470131541 / Angielski / Twarda / 2008 / 800 str.

Clayton R. Paul

Opis

The essential textbook for electrical engineering students and professionals-now in a valuable new edition

The increasing use of high-speed digital technology requires that all electrical engineers have a working knowledge of transmission lines. However, because of the introduction of computer engineering courses into already-crowded four-year undergraduate programs, the transmission line courses in many electrical engineering programs have been relegated to a senior technical elective, if offered at all.

Now, Analysis of Multiconductor Transmission Lines, Second Edition has been significantly updated and reorganized to fill the need for a structured course on transmission lines in a senior undergraduate- or graduate-level electrical engineering program. In this new edition, each broad analysis topic, e.g., per-unit-length parameters, frequency-domain analysis, time-domain analysis, and incident field excitation, now has a chapter concerning two-conductor lines followed immediately by a chapter on MTLs for that topic. This enables instructors to emphasize two-conductor lines or MTLs or both.

In addition to the reorganization of the material, this Second Edition now contains important advancements in analysis methods that have developed since the previous edition, such as methods for achieving signal integrity (SI) in high-speed digital interconnects, the finite-difference, time-domain (FDTD) solution methods, and the time-domain to frequency-domain transformation (TDFD) method. Furthermore, the content of Chapters 8 and 9 on digital signal propagation and signal integrity application has been considerably expanded upon to reflect all of the vital information current and future designers of high-speed digital systems need to know.

Complete with an accompanying FTP site, appendices with descriptions of numerous FORTRAN computer codes that implement all the techniques in the text, and a brief but thorough tutorial on the SPICE/PSPICE circuit analysis program, Analysis of Multiconductor Transmission Lines, Second Edition is an indispensable textbook for students and a valuable resource for industry professionals.

Spis treści

Preface.

Chapter 1: Introduction.

1.1 Examples of Multiconductor Transmission–Line Structures.

1.2 Properties of the Transverse ElectroMagnetic (TEM) Mode of Propagation.

1.3 The Transmission–Line Equations: a Preview.

1.3.1 Unique Definition of Voltage and Current for the TEM Mode of Propagation.

1.3.2 Defining the Per–Unit–Length Parameters.

1.3.3 Obtaining the Transmission–Line Equations from the Transverse Electromagnetic Field Equations.

1.3.4 Properties of the Per–Unit–Length Parameters.

1.4 Classification of Transmission Lines.

1.4.1 Uniform vs. Nonuniform Lines.

1.4.2 Homogeneous vs. Inhomogeneous Surrounding Media.

1.4.3 Lossless vs. Lossy Lines.

1.5 Restrictions on the Applicability of the Transmission–Line Equation Formulation.

1.5.1 Higher–Order Modes.

1.5.1.1 The Infinite, Parallel–Plate Transmission Line.

1.5.1.2 The Coaxial Transmission Line.

1.5.1.3 Two–Wire Lines.

1.5.2 Transmission–Line Currents vs. Antenna Currents.

1.6 The Time Domain vs. the Frequency Domain.

1.6.1 The Fourier Series and Transform.

1.6.2 Spectra and Bandwidth of Digital Waveforms.

1.6.3 Computing the Time–Domain Response of Transmission Lines Having Linear Terminations Using Fourier Methods and Superposition.

References.

Problems.

Chapter 2: The Transmission–Line Equations for Two–Conductor Lines.

2.1 Derivation of the Transmission–Line Equations from the Integral Form of Maxwell′s Equations.

2.2 Derivation of the Transmission–Line Equations from the Per–Unit–Length Equivalent Circuit.

2.3 Properties of the Per–Unit–Length Parameters.

2.4 Incorporating Frequency–Dependent Losses.

2.4.1 Properties of the Frequency–Domain Per–Unit–Length Impedance  and Admittance .

References.

Problems.

Chapter 3: The Transmission–Line Equations for Multiconductor Lines.

3.1 Derivation of the Multiconductor Transmission–Line Equations from the Integral Form of Maxwell′s Equations.

3.2 Derivation of the Multiconductor Transmission–Line Equations from the Per–Unit–Length Equivalent Circuit.

3.3 Summary of the MTL Equations.

3.4 Incorporating Frequency–Dependent Losses.

3.5 Properties of the Per–Unit–Length Parameter Matrices L, C, G.

References.

Problems.

Chapter 4: The Per–Unit–Length Parameters for Two–Conductor Lines.

4.1 Definitions of the Per–Unit–Length Parameters l, c, and g.

4.2 Lines Having Conductors of Circular, Cylindrical Cross Section (Wires).

4.2.1 Fundamental Subproblems for Wires.

4.2.1.1 The Method of Images.

4.2.2 Per–Unit–Length Inductance and Capacitance for Wire–Type Lines.

4.2.3 Per–Unit–Length Conductance and Resistance for Wire–Type Lines.

4.3 Lines Having Conductors of Rectangular Cross Section (PCB Lands).

4.3.1 Per–Unit–Length Inductance and Capacitance for PCB–Type Lines.

4.3.2 Per–Unit–Length Conductance and Resistance for PCB–Type Lines.

References.

Problems.

Chapter 5: The Per–Unit–Length Parameters for Multiconductor Lines.

5.1 Definitions of the Per–Unit–Length Parameter Matrices L, C, and G.

5.1.1 The Generalized Capacitance Matrix, .

5.2 Multiconductor Lines Having Conductors of Circular, Cylindrical Cross Section (Wires).

5.2.1 Wide–Separation Approximations for Wires in Homogeneous Media.

5.2.1.1 (n+1) Wires.

5.2.1.2 n Wires Above an Infinite, Perfectly–Conducting Plane.

5.2.1.3 n Wires Within a Perfectly–Conducting, Cylindrical Shield.

5.2.2 Numerical Methods for the General Case.

5.2.2.1 Applications to Inhomogeneous Dielectric Media.

5.2.3 Computed Results: Ribbon Cables.

5.3 Multiconductor Lines Having Conductors of Rectangular Cross Section.

5.3.1 Method of Moments (MoM) Techniques.

5.3.1.1 Applications to Printed Circuit Boards.

5.3.1.2 Applications to Coupled Microstrip Lines.

5.3.1.3 Applications to Coupled Striplines.

5.4 Finite Difference Techniques.

5.5 Finite Element Techniques.

References.

Problems.

Chapter 6: Frequency–Domain Analysis of Two–Conductor Lines.

6.1 The Transmission–Line Equations in the Frequency Domain.

6.2 The General Solution for Lossless Lines.

6.2.1 The Reflection Coefficient and Input Impedance.

6.2.2 Solutions for the Terminal Voltages and Currents.

6.2.3 The SPICE (PSPICE) Solution for Lossless Lines.

6.2.4 Voltage and Current as a Function of Position on the Line.

6.2.5 Matching and VSWR.

6.2.6 Power Flow on a Lossless Line.

6.3 The General Solution for Lossy Lines.

6.3.1 The Low–Loss Approximation.

6.4 Lumped–Circuit Approximate Models of the Line.

6.5 Alternative Two–Port Representations of the Line.

6.5.1 The Chain Parameters.

6.5.2 Approximating Abruptly Nonuniform Lines with the Chain Parameter Matrix.

6.5.3 The Z and Y Parameters.

Problems.

Chapter 7: Frequency–Domain Analysis of Multiconductor Lines.

7.1 The MTL Transmission–Line Equations in the Frequency Domain.

7.2 The General Solution for an (n+1)–Conductor Line.

7.2.1 Decoupling the MTL Equations by Similarity Transformations.

7.2.2 Solution for Line Categories.

7.2.2.1 Perfect Conductors in Lossy, Homogeneous Media.

7.2.2.2 Lossy Conductors in Lossy, Homogeneous Media.

7.2.2.3 Perfect Conductors in Lossless, Inhomogeneous Media.

7.2.2.4 The General Case: Lossy Conductors in Lossy, Inhomogeneous Media.

7.2.2.5 Cyclic–Symmetric Structures.

7.3 Incorporating the Terminal Conditions.

7.3.1 The Generalized Thevenin Equivalent.

7.3.2 The Generalized Norton Equivalent.

7.3.3 Mixed Representations.

7.4 Lumped–Circuit Approximate Characterizations.

7.5 Alternative 2n–Port Characterizations.

7.5.1 Analogy of the Frequency–Domain MTL Equations to State–Variable Equations.

7.5.2 Characterizing the Line as a 2n–Port with the Chain Parameter Matrix.

7.5.3 Properties of the Chain Parameter Matrix.

7.5.4 Approximating Nonuniform Lines with the Chain Parameter Matrix.

7.5.5 The Impedance and Admittance Parameter Matrix Characterizations.

7.6 Power Flow and the Reflection Coefficient Matrix.

7.7 Computed and Experimental Results.

7.7.1 Ribbon Cables.

7.7.2 Printed Circuit Boards.

References.

Problems.

Chapter 8: Time–Domain Analysis of Two–Conductor Lines.

8.1 The Solution for Lossless Lines.

8.1.1 Wave Tracing and the Reflection Coefficients.

8.1.2 Series Solutions and the Difference Operator.

8.1.3 The Method of Characteristics and a Two–Port Model of the Line.

8.1.4 The SPICE (PSPICE) Solution for Lossless Lines.

8.1.5 The Laplace Transform Solution.

8.1.5.1 Lines with Capacitive and Inductive Loads.

8.1.6 Lumped–Circuit Approximate Models of the Line.

8.1.6.1 When is the Line Electrically Short in the Time Domain?.

8.1.7 The Time–Domain to Frequency–Domain (TDFD) Transformation Method.

8.1.8 The Finite–Difference, Time–Domain (FDTD) Method.

8.1.8.1 The Magic Time Step.

8.1.9 Matching for Signal Integrity.

8.1.9.1 When is Matching Not Required?.

8.1.9.2 Effects of Line Discontinuities.

8.2 Incorporation of Losses.

8.2.1 Representing Frequency–Dependent Losses.

8.2.1.1 Representing Losses in the Medium.

8.2.1.2 Representing Losses in the Conductors and Skin Effect.

8.2.1.3 Convolution with Frequency–Dependent Losses.

8.2.2 The Time–Domain to Frequency–Domain (TDFD) Transformation Method.

8.2.3 The Finite–Difference, Time–Domain (FDTD) Method.

8.2.3.1 Including Frequency–Independent Losses.

8.2.3.2 Including Frequency–Dependent Losses.

8.2.3.3 Prony s Method for Representing a Function.

8.2.3.4 Recursive Convolution.

8.2.3.5 An Example: A High–Loss Line.

8.2.3.6 A Correction for the FDTD Errors.

8.2.4 Lumped–Circuit Approximate Characterizations.

8.2.5 The Use of Macromodels in Modeling the Line.

8.2.6 Representing Frequency–Dependent Functions in the Time Domain Using Pade′ Methods.

Chapter 9: Time–Domain Analysis of Multiconductor Lines.

9.1 The Solution for Lossless Lines.

9.1.1 The Recursive Solution for MTLs.

9.1.2 Decoupling the MTL Equations.

9.1.2.1 Lossless Lines in Homogeneous Media.

9.1.2.2 Lossless Lines in Inhomogeneous Media.

9.1.2.3 Incorporating the Terminal Conditions via the SPICE Program.

9.1.3 Lumped–Circuit Approximate Characterizations.

9.1.4 The Time–Domain to Frequency–Domain (TDFD) Transformation Method.

9.1.5 The Finite–Difference, Time–Domain (FDTD) Method.

9.1.5.1 Including Dynamic and/or Nonlinear Terminations in the FDTD Analysis.

9.2 Incorporation of Losses.

9.2.1 The Time–Domain to Frequency–Domain (TDFD) Transformation Method.

9.2.2 Lumped–Circuit Approximate Characterizations.

9.2.3 The Finite–Difference, Time–Domain (FDTD) Method.

9.2.4 Representation of the Lossy MTL with the Generalized Method of Characteristics.

9.2.5 Model Order Reduction (MOR) Methods.

9.2.5.1 Pade′ Approximation of the Matrix Exponential.

9.2.5.2 Asymptotic Waveform Evaluation (AWE).

9.2.5.3 Complex Frequency Hopping (CFH).

9.2.5.4 Vector Fitting and MOR.

9.3 Computed and Experimental Results.

9.3.1 Ribbon Cables.

9.3.2 Printed Circuit Boards.

References.

Problems.

Chapter 10: Literal (Symbolic) Solutions for Three–Conductor Lines.

10.1 The Literal, Frequency–Domain Solution for a Homogeneous Medium.

10.1.1 Inductive and Capacitive Coupling.

10.1.2 Common Impedance Coupling.

10.2 The Literal, Time–Domain Solution for a Homogeneous Medium.

10.2.1 Explicit Solution.

10.2.2 Weakly Coupled Lines.

10.2.3 Inductive and Capacitive Coupling.

10.2.4 Common Impedance Coupling.

10.3 Computed and Experimental Results.

10.3.1 A Three–Wire Ribbon Cable.

10.3.2 A Three–Conductor Printed Circuit Board.

References.

Problems.

Chapter 11: Incident Field Excitation of Two–Conductor Lines.

11.1 Derivation of the Transmission–Line Equations for Incident–Field Excitation.

11.1.1 Equivalence of Source Representations.

11.2 The Frequency–Domain Solution.

11.2.1 Solution of the Transmission–Line Equations.

11.2.2 Simplified Forms of the Excitations.

11.2.3 Incorporating the Line Terminations.

11.2.4 Uniform Plane–Wave Excitation of the Line.

11.2.4.1 Special Cases.

11.2.4.2 One Conductor Above a Ground Plane.

11.2.5 Comparison With Predictions of the Method of Moments.

11.3 The Time–Domain Solution.

11.3.1 The Laplace Transform Solution.

11.3.2 Uniform Plane–Wave Excitation of the Line.

11.3.3 A SPICE Equivalent Circuit.

11.3.4 The Time–Domain to Frequency–Domain (TDFD) Transformation Method.

11.3.5 The Finite–Difference, Time–Domain (FDTD) Solution Method.

11.3.6 Computed Results.

Chapter 12: Incident Field Excitation of Multiconductor Lines.

12.1 Derivation of the MTL Equations for Incident–Field Excitation.

12.1.1 Equivalence of Source Representations.

12.2 The Frequency–Domain Solution.

12.2.1 Solution of the MTL Equations.

12.2.2 Simplified Forms of the Excitations.

12.2.3 Incorporating the Line Terminations.

12.2.3.1 Lossless Lines in Homogeneous Media.

12.2.4 Lumped–Circuit Approximate Characterizations.

12.2.5 Uniform Plane Wave Excitation of the Line.

12.3 The Time–Domain Solution.

12.3.1 Decoupling the MTL Equations.

12.3.2 A SPICE Equivalent Circuit.

12.3.3 Lumped–Circuit Approximate Models.

12.3.4 The Time–Domain to Frequency–Domain (TDFD) Transformation.

12.3.5 The Finite–Difference, Time–Domain (FDTD) Solution Method.

12.4 Computed Results.

References.

Problems.

Chapter 13: Transmission–Line Networks.

13.1 Representation of Lossless Lines with the SPICE Model.

13.2 Representation with Lumped–Circuit Approximate Models.

13.3 Representation via the Admittance or Impedance 2n–Port Parameters.

13.4 Representation with the BLT Equations.

13.5 Direct, Time–Domain Solutions in terms of Traveling Waves.

13.6 A Summary of Methods for Analyzing Multiconductor Transmission Lines.

References.

Problems.

Publications by the Author Concerning Transmission Lines.

Appendix A. Description of Computer Software.

A.1 Programs for Calculation of the Per–Unit–Length Parameters.

A.1.1 Wide–Separation Approximations for Wires: WIDESEP.FOR.

A.1.2 Ribbon Cables: RIBBON.FOR.

A.1.3 Printed Circuit Boards: PCB.FOR.

A.1.4 Coupled Microstrip Structures: MSTRP.FOR.

A.1.5 Coupled Stripline Structures: STRPLINE.FOR.

A.2 Frequency–Domain Analysis.

A.2.1 General: MTL.FOR.

A.3 Time–Domain Analysis.

A.3.1 Time–Domain to Frequency–Domain Transformation: TIMEFREQ.FOR.

A.3.2 Branin s Method Extended to Multiconductor Transmission Lines: BRANIN.FOR.

A.3.3 Finite–Difference, Time–Domain Method: FINDIF.FOR.

A.3.4 Finite–Difference, Time–Domain Method: FDTDLOSS.FOR.

A.4 SPICE/PSPICE Subcircuit Generation Programs.

A.4.1 General Solution, Lossless Lines: SPICEMTL.FOR.

A.4.2 Lumped–Pi Circuit, Lossless Lines: SPICELPI.FOR.

A.4.3 Inductive–Capacitive Coupling Model: SPICELC.FOR.

A.5 Incident Field Excitation.

A.5.1 Frequency–Domain Program: INCIDENT.FOR.

A.5.2 SPICE/PSPICE Subcircuit Model: SPICEINC.FOR.

A.5.3 Finite–Difference, Time–Domain Method: FDTDINC.FOR.

References.

Appendix B. A SPICE(PSPICE) Tutorial.

B.1 Creating the SPICE or PSPICE Program.

B.2 Circuit Description.

B.3 Execution Statements.

B.4 Output Statements.

B.5 Examples.

B.6 The Subcircuit Model.

References.

O autorze

Clayton R. Paul, PhD, is Professor and the Sam Nunn Eminent Professor of Aerospace Systems Engineering in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering at Mercer University in Macon, Georgia. He is also Emeritus Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Kentucky. Dr. Paul is the author of numerous textbooks on EE subjects and technical papers, the majority of which are in his primary research area of EMC of electronic systems. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and an Honorary Life Member of the IEEE EMC Society.