Vision and Attention

ISBN-13: 9780387950587 / Angielski / Twarda / 2001 / 316 str.

Laurence R. Harris; Michael R. M. Jenkin

Opis

It has become apparent that vision is not a passive process working on the retinal image like a film to record a perfect copy as the perception. Instead, higher-level cognitive processes such as expectancies, memories and experience play a critical, almost overriding role. This book is a review and summary of the tremendous advances that have been made in recent years on the effect of attention on visual perception. The book will appeal to vision scientists as well as to people involved in using visual processes in computer animations, display design or the sensory systems of machines. Physiologists and neuroscientists interested in any aspect of sensory or motor processes will also find this a very useful and broad-ranging volume.

Spis treści

1 Vision and Attention.- 1.1 What Is Attention?.- 1.1.1 Should “attention” be regarded as a discrete behaviour?.- 1.2 Selective Visual Attention.- 1.2.1 What is selected?.- 1.2.2 How is selection achieved? How much salience is due to the sensory input itself and how much to higher processes?.- 1.2.3 What is the connection between selection and attention?.- 1.2.4 Mechanisms of selective attention.- 1.3 Parsing Attention. Is Attention Central to the Act of Seeing or is it Merely a Servant Carrying its Master to the Right Place?.- 1.4 Directing Attention.- 1.5 Conclusions.- 2 Shifts of Attention and Saccades Are Very Similar. Are They Causally Linked?.- 2.1 Spatial Attributes of Attention.- 2.2 Coordinate Space of Focal Attention.- 2.3 Overt and Covert Orientation.- 2.4 Top-Down versus Bottom-Up Attentional Control.- 2.5 Shifting Attention.- 2.6 Coupling Between Saccadic Eye Movements and Attentional Shifts.- 2.7 Adaptive Control of Saccadic Eye Movements.- 2.8 Nature of the Error Signal.- 2.9 Are Shifts of Attention also Adaptable?.- 2.10 Might Attention Provide an Error Signal to Saccade-Gain Adaptation?.- 3 Contrast Gain, Area Summation and Temporal Tuning in Primate Visual Cortex.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Gain Control.- 3.3 Contrast-Gain Control.- 3.4 Beyond the Classical Receptive Field.- 3.5 Area Summation and Contrast.- 3.6 Temporal Tuning and Contrast.- 3.7 Temporal Tuning and Contrast in V1.- 3.8 Discussion.- 4 Global Processes in Form Vision and Their Relationship to Spatial Attention.- 4.1 Introduction to the Ventral Visual Pathway.- 4.2 Components of Intermediate Form Analysis.- 4.3 Changing Views of V4.- 4.4 Evidence for Global Orientation Pooling in Human Vision.- 4.5 Neural Model for Configurai Units.- 4.6 Configural Units and Receptive Field Size.- 4.7 Evidence Pointing to Configurai Units in V4 in the Human Brain.- 4.8 Application of V4 Model Units to Faces.- 4.9 Selective Attention.- 4.10 Summary and Overview.- 5 Visual Attention: The Active Vision Perspective.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Active Vision.- 5.3 Reading.- 5.4 Scenes and Objects.- 5.5 Search.- 5.6 Rethinking Covert Attention.- 5.7 Conclusion.- 6 Complexity, Vision, and Attention.- 6.1 What Is Computational Complexity?.- 6.1.1 Some basic definitions.- 6.1.2 Dealing with NP-completeness.- 6.1.3 Vision and NP-completeness.- 6.2 Can Perception Be Modeled Computationally?.- 6.3 Visual Search.- 6.3.1 Definition.- 6.3.2 Theory.- 6.3.3 Implications.- 6.4 Complexity Level Analysis of Vision.- 6.5 The Selective-Tuning Model of Visual Attention.- 6.6 Conclusions.- 7 Motion-Disparity Interaction and the Scaling of Stereoscopic Disparity.- 7.1 Cue Combination in Depth Perception.- 7.2 Depth Scaling.- 7.2.1 Failures of depth constancy with stereo.- 7.2.2 Distance scaling of size, shape, and depth.- 7.3 Stereomotion Interaction for Depth Scaling.- 7.3.1 Why combine stereo and motion?.- 7.3.2 Evidence with a single object.- 7.3.3 Two neighboring objects.- 7.3.4 Two objects and alternative computations.- 7.3.5 Two objects at unequal distances.- 7.4 Summary.- 8 Signal Detection and Attention in Systems Governed By Multiplicative Noise.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Signal Detection Theory for Ideal and Non-ideal Observers.- 8.2.1 Overview of ideal observer analysis.- 8.2.2 The concept of probability summation.- 8.2.3 Attentional summation in 2AFC experiments derives from the difference distribution.- 8.2.4 2AFC attentional summation with uncertainty within a fixed attention window.- 8.3 Distraction Theory.- 8.4 Effects of Multiplicative Noise.- 8.4.1 Multiplicative noise makes the psychometric function shallower.- 8.4.2 Dramatic probability summation with multiplicative noise.- 8.4.3 Suprabehavioral neural sensitivity and its implications for attentional selection.- 8.4.4 Fully multiplicative noise introduces psychometric saturation.- 9 Change Blindness: Implications for the Nature of Visual Attention.- 9.1 Visual Attention: Role in Scene Perception.- 9.1.1 Change blindness.- 9.1.2 Coherence theory.- 9.1.3 Virtual representation.- 9.2 Visual Attention: Mechanisms.- 9.2.1 Methodology.- 9.2.2 Experimental results: Capacity.- 9.2.3 Implications for attentional mechanisms.- 9.3 Concluding Remarks.- 10 The Role of Expectations in Change Detection and Attentional Capture.- 10.1 Change Blindness.- 10.1.1 The intentional approach.- 10.1.2 The incidental approach.- 10.1.3 Summary.- 10.2 Attentional Capture.- 10.2.1 The intentional approach.- 10.2.2 The incidental approach.- 10.2.3 Implications.- 10.3 Conclusions.- 11 Attention, Eye Movements, and Neurons: Linking Physiology and Behavior.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Attention and Saccades.- 11.3 Frontal Eye Field.- 11.4 Bottom-Up Influences on Visual Selection.- 11.5 Top-Down Influences on Visual Selection.- 11.6 Conclusions.- 12 Vision and Action in Virtual Environments: Modern Psychophysics in Spatial Cognition Research.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Biological Cybernetics.- 12.3 Enabling Technologies.- 12.4 Stimulus Control.- 12.5 Stimulus Relevance.- 12.6 Spatial Cognition in VEs.- 12.7 Concluding Remarks.- 13 Selective Feature-Based Attention Directed to a Pair of Lines: Psychophysical Evidence and a Psychophysical Model.- 13.1 Does the Visual System Contain Long-Distance Comparators with Orthogonal Orientation Difference and Mean-Orientation Labels?.- 13.2 Does the Visual System Contain Long Distance Comparators Whose Outputs Carry Orthogonal Mean-Location and Separation Labels?.- 13.3 Does the Visual System Contain Long-Distance Comparator Mechanisms Whose Outputs Carry Orthogonal Orientation Difference, Mean Orientation, Mean Location and Separation Labels?.- 13.4 How Do Discrimination Thresholds for Orientation Difference, Mean Orientation, Separation, and Relative Mean Location Vary as a Function of Contrast?.- 13.5 Attentional Implications and a Psychophysical Model.- 13.5.1 Long-distance comparators whose outputs signal orthogonally four stimulus attributes.- 13.5.2 Possible role of long-distance comparators in other psychophysical findings.- 13.5.3 Possible role of long-distance comparators in everyday vision.- 13.5.4 Attentional implications.- 14 Thoughts on Change Blindness.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Thoughts on Normal Viewing: Where and What.- 14.2.1 Comments on the central/marginal interest distinction.- 14.2.2 Locations, objects, or aspects?.- 14.2.3 Looking without seeing.- 14.3 The “Where” and “What” Components of Change Detection.- 14.3.1 Transients tell “where”.- 14.3.2 Memory tells “what”.- 14.3.3 A counterintuitive prediction for change blindness in normal viewing.- 14.4 Thoughts on Disruptions.- 14.4.1 Transients as masks and transients as distractors.- 14.4.2 Measuring diversion with the mudsplash experiment.- 14.4.3 The (critical?) number of diversions.- 14.4.4 Proximity of the transient.- 14.4,5 More questions on diversions.- 14.4.6 A transient pop-out tasks.- 14.4.7 Does local masking interfere with the “what” component?.- 14.4.8 Prediction for very slow changes.- 14.4.9 Estimating the “what” component of change detection using the masking rectangle experiment.- 14.5 Other Issues Concerning the Theory.- 14.5.1 A prediction for the moment of change detection.- 14.5.2 A prediction: seeing illusory appearances.- 14.5.3 A special role for layout?.- 14.5.4 Implicit knowledge of changes?.- 14.5.5 Other frameworks for explaining change blindness.- 14.5.6 Relation to early literature on partial report.- 14.6 Conclusion.- Author Index.

O autorze

Michael Jenkin is a Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at York University. He has co-edited a series of eight books on human and machine vision.