1 Measurement of Range of Motion and Muscle Length: Background, History, and Basic Principles 2 Measurement of Range of Motion and Muscle Length: Clinical Relevance 3 Measurement of Range of Motion of the Shoulder 4 Measurement of Range of Motion of the Elbow and Forearm 5 Measurement of Range of Motion of the Wrist and Hand 6 Muscle Length Testing of the Upper Extremity 7 Reliability and Validity of Measurements of Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing of the Upper Extremity 8 Measurement of Range of Motion of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine 9 Measurement of Range of Motion of the Cervical Spine and Temporomandibular Joint 10 Reliability and Validity of Measurement of Range of Motion of the Spine and Temporomandibular Joint 11 Measurement of Range of Motion of the Hip 12 Measurement of Range of Motion of the Knee 13 Measurement of Range of Motion of the Ankle and Foot 14 Muscle Length Testing of the Lower Extremity 15 Reliability and Validity of Measurements of Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing of the Lower Extremity 16 Pediatric Range of Motion Appendix A: Sample Data Recording Forms Appendix B: Normative Range of Motion of the Extremities and Spine in Adults Index