ISBN-13: 9781119550884 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 448 str.
ISBN-13: 9781119550884 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 448 str.
Preface xvAcknowledgments xviiList of Contributors xixAcronyms and Abbreviations xxi1 Introduction 12 Market Drivers 5Reza Arefi and Sasha Sirotkin2.1 Introduction 52.2 Key Ideas 72.3 Spectrum 92.3.1 Spectrum Needs 92.3.2 Target Spectrum 122.3.3 Spectrum Implications 132.4 New Spectrum Models 142.4.1 New Ways of Sharing Spectrum 152.4.2 Localized Licensing 172.5 Regulations Facilitating 5G Applications 182.6 Network Deployment Models 192.7 Technical Requirements of 5G Radio Interfaces 202.8 Business Drivers 232.9 Role of Standards 252.10 Role of Open Source 292.11 Competition 312.12 Challenges 322.13 Summary 34References 353 5G System Overview 373.1 Introduction 373.2 5G Core Network 37Sebastian Speicher3.2.1 Introduction 373.2.2 Service-Based Architecture 393.2.2.1 Fostering Functional Reuse 393.2.2.2 Overview of 5GC Control-Plane Functions 413.2.3 Control-User Plane Separation (CUPS) 433.2.4 Common Access-Agnostic Core Network 443.2.5 Enablers for Concurrent and Efficient Access to Local and Centralized Services 463.2.5.1 Overview 463.2.5.2 Single PDU Session-Based Access to Local Services 473.2.5.3 Multiple PDU Session-Based Access to Local Services 483.2.6 Network Slicing 503.2.7 Private Networks 533.2.7.1 Overview 533.2.7.2 Stand-Alone Non-public Networks 543.2.7.3 Public-Network-Integrated Non-public Network 55References 573.3 NG Radio Access Network 59Sasha Sirotkin3.3.1 Introduction 593.3.2 Network Protocol Stacks 623.3.2.1 Control-Plane Protocol Stack 623.3.2.2 User-Plane Protocol Stack 623.3.2.3 Standards 633.3.3 NG Interface 633.3.3.1 NG-C Interface 643.3.3.2 NG-U Interface 693.3.4 Xn Interface 703.3.4.1 Xn Control Plane (Xn-C) Interface 703.3.4.2 Xn User Plane (Xn-U) Interface 753.3.5 Additional NG-RAN Features 763.3.5.1 RAN Sharing 763.3.5.2 Slicing 773.3.5.3 Virtualization 783.3.5.4 Non-3GPP Access 78References 793.4 NR Protocol Stack 80Sudeep Palat3.4.1 Introduction 803.4.2 NG-RAN Architecture 813.4.3 NR User Plane 813.4.4 Supporting QoS with 5GC 863.4.5 NR Control Plane 883.4.5.1 RRC States 883.4.5.2 RRC Procedures and Functions 893.4.6 Summary 97References 983.5 NR Physical Layer 99Alexei Davydov3.5.1 Introduction 993.5.2 Waveform and Numerology 1003.5.3 Frame Structure 1013.5.4 Synchronization and Initial Access 1043.5.4.1 Downlink Synchronization Signals 1043.5.4.2 Random Access Channel 1063.5.5 Downlink Control Channel 1073.5.6 Uplink Control Channel 1093.5.7 Reference Signals 1123.5.7.1 CSI-RS 1123.5.7.2 DM-RS 1143.5.7.3 PT-RS 1153.5.7.4 SRS 1163.5.8 Beam Management 1163.5.9 Channel Coding and Modulation 1183.5.10 Co-Existence with LTE, Forward Compatibility and Uplink Coverage Enhancement 121References 1224 NG-RAN Architecture 123Colby Harper and Sasha Sirotkin4.1 Introduction 1234.1.1 Monolithic gNB Architecture 1244.1.2 Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) 1254.1.3 Antenna Interface 1294.1.3.1 Before 5G: WhereWe Have Been 1304.1.3.2 New 5G Era: WhereWe Are 1314.1.3.3 Release-17 and Beyond: WhereWe Are Going 1324.1.4 gNB Functional Split(s) 1334.1.5 Conclusions 1384.1.6 Further Reading 138References 1384.2 High-Level gNB-CU/DU Split 1404.2.1 Key Ideas 1404.2.2 Market Drivers 1414.2.3 Functional Description 1434.2.3.1 F1 Control-Plane Protocol 1444.2.3.2 User-Plane Protocol 1544.2.3.3 OAM Aspects 1544.2.4 Further Reading 154References 1554.3 Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity 156Sergio Parolari4.3.1 Key Ideas 1574.3.2 MR-DC Options 1574.3.3 Market Drivers 1584.3.4 Functional Description 1604.3.4.1 Control Plane 1604.3.4.2 User Plane 1644.3.4.3 Procedures 1694.3.5 Further Reading 174References 1754.4 Control-User Plane Separation 176Feng Yang4.4.1 Key Ideas 1764.4.2 Market Drivers 1774.4.3 Functional Description 1794.4.3.1 Control Plane 1804.4.3.2 OAM Aspects 1874.4.3.3 Relation to SDN 1884.4.3.4 Relation to 5GC 1884.4.4 Further Reading 189References 1904.5 Lower-Layer Split 1914.5.1 Key Ideas 1914.5.2 Market Drivers 1924.5.3 Functional Split 1944.5.3.1 Fronthaul Bandwidth Requirements 1954.5.3.2 Low-Level Functional Split Details 1964.5.3.3 Latency Management 1984.5.4 Fronthaul Interface 2004.5.4.1 Messages 2014.5.4.2 Scheduling Procedure 2074.5.4.3 Beamforming Methods 2094.5.5 Fronthaul Timing Synchronization 2094.5.6 Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) 2104.5.7 Further Reading 211References 2124.6 Small Cells 213Clare Somerville4.6.1 Key Ideas 2134.6.2 Market Drivers 2144.6.3 Barriers and Solutions 2154.6.3.1 Site Locations 2154.6.3.2 Scaling Up Deployment 2154.6.3.3 Backhaul 2164.6.3.4 Edge Compute 2164.6.4 Small Cell Variants 2164.6.4.1 Disaggregation Architectures 2164.6.4.2 Platform Architectures 2184.6.4.3 Operating Frequency Impacts on Architecture 2204.6.4.4 Operational Models 2214.6.5 Key Interfaces for Small Cells 2224.6.5.1 FAPI 2224.6.5.2 nFAPI 2264.6.5.3 Management Plane 2284.6.6 Worked Examples 2294.6.6.1 Indoor Enterprise Example 2294.6.6.2 Outdoor Urban Example 2304.6.6.3 Private Network Example 2314.6.7 Further Reading 232References 2324.7 Summary 2335 NG-RAN Evolution 2355.1 Introduction 2355.2 Wireless Relaying in 5G 235Georg Hampel5.2.1 Key Ideas 2365.2.2 Market Drivers 2375.2.3 Functional Description 2395.2.3.1 IAB Architecture 2395.2.3.2 Backhaul Transport and QoS 2425.2.3.3 Resource Coordination 2475.2.3.4 Plug-and-Play Network Integration 2505.2.4 Outlook 255References 2555.3 Non-terrestrial Networks 257Leszek Raschkowski, Eiko Seidel, Nicolas Chuberre, Stefano Cioni, Thibault Deleu, and Thomas Heyn5.3.1 Key Ideas 2585.3.2 Market Drivers 2605.3.3 NTN Based NG-RAN Architecture 2615.3.3.1 Access Network with Transparent NTN Payload 2615.3.3.2 Access Network with Regenerative NTN Payload 2625.3.3.3 Transport network based on NTN 2625.3.4 NTN radio protocol 2625.3.4.1 Scheduling and Link Adaptation 2645.3.4.2 NR Layer 2 Enhancements for NTN 2645.3.4.3 NR Control-Plane Procedure Adaptations for NTN 2655.3.4.4 NR Mobility within NTN 2665.3.5 NR Physical Layer Adaptations for NTN 2675.3.5.1 Timing and Frequency Acquisition and Tracking 2675.3.5.2 HARQ 2685.3.5.3 Timing Advance (TA) 2715.3.5.4 Physical Layer Control Loops 2725.3.6 NTN Channel Model 2725.3.7 Outlook 274References 2746 Enabling Technologies 2776.1 Introduction 2776.2 Virtualization 277Sridhar Rajagopal6.2.1 Key Ideas 2786.2.2 Market Drivers 2796.2.3 Architecture Evolution Toward Virtualization 2806.2.4 Containers and Microservices 2806.2.5 NFV Evolution 2846.2.6 RAN Virtualization Platform 2856.2.6.1 gNB-DU and gNB-CU Virtualization 2866.2.6.2 Standardization of Orchestration and Cloudification in O-RAN 2886.2.7 Virtualization Challenges 2896.2.7.1 Accelerator Integration 2896.2.7.2 Timing and Synchronization 2906.2.7.3 RAN Scaling withWorkload 2906.2.7.4 Inter-Process Communication 2916.2.7.5 Virtualization Overhead 2916.2.7.6 SCTP/GTP Interface Support 2916.2.7.7 High Availability 2926.2.7.8 Power Consumption 2926.2.7.9 Distributed Cloud Deployments for RAN Nodes 2926.2.8 Further Reading 293References 2936.3 Open Source 294Sasha Sirotkin6.3.1 Key Ideas 2956.3.2 Market Drivers 2966.3.3 Open Source License 2966.3.4 Software-Defined Radio 2986.3.5 Open Source RAN Projects 2996.3.5.1 srsLTE 2996.3.5.2 OpenLTE 3006.3.5.3 OpenBTS 3006.3.5.4 Open Air Interface 3006.3.5.5 TIP 3016.3.5.6 O-RAN 3016.3.6 Summary 302References 3026.4 Multi-Access Edge Computing 303Miltiadis Filippou and Dario Sabella6.4.1 Key Ideas 3046.4.2 Market Drivers 3046.4.3 MEC Standard 3056.4.3.1 ETSI MEC System Architecture 3056.4.3.2 ETSI MEC APIs 3086.4.3.3 Location API 3086.4.4 ETSI MEC Deployment in 3GPP 5G Systems 3106.4.4.1 MEC Deployment in a 5G Network 3116.4.5 Inter-MEC System Communication 3136.4.5.1 Possible Implementation 3156.4.6 Flexible MEC Service Consumption 3166.4.6.1 Edge Host Zoning in Multi-Vendor Environments 3166.4.7 High Mobility Automotive Scenarios 3216.4.7.1 MEC-Supported Cooperative Information 3216.4.8 Further Reading 323References 3236.5 Operations, Administration, and Management 326Vladimir Yanover6.5.1 Introduction 3266.5.2 Key Ideas 3266.5.3 Service-Based Management Architecture 3276.5.3.1 Examples of Management Services 3286.5.3.2 Management Service Exposure 3296.5.4 NG-RAN and 5GC Information Models 3306.5.5 Performance Management 3306.5.6 Management of Split NG-RAN 3326.5.6.1 Background 3326.5.6.2 Information Object Classes 3326.5.7 O-RAN Alliance Management Architecture 3336.5.8 Management of Network Slicing 3346.5.8.1 Basic Concepts of Slicing Management 3346.5.8.2 Support of Slicing Management in RAN Provisioning Service 3366.5.8.3 Configuration and LCM of NSSI and NSI 3376.5.8.4 NSI and NSSI Information Models (NRMs) 3386.5.9 SON in 5G 3386.5.9.1 SON Evolution 3386.5.9.2 "Legacy" SON Use Cases 3396.5.9.3 Multi-Domain SON with E2E Optimization 3406.5.9.4 SON Enablers in 5G System 3426.5.9.5 Distributed SON 3426.5.9.6 Hybrid SON 3436.5.10 Further Reading 343References 3456.6 Transport Network 346Yaakov (J.) Stein, Yuri Gittik, and Ron Insler6.6.1 Key Ideas 3466.6.2 Market Drivers 3476.6.3 Defining the Problem 3496.6.4 The Physical Layer 3506.6.4.1 Achieving the Required Data Rates 3516.6.4.2 Achieving the Required Latencies 3526.6.4.3 Achieving the Required Reliability 3556.6.4.4 Frequency and Time Synchronization 3576.6.4.5 Energy Efficiency 3606.6.5 Higher Layers 3606.6.5.1 xHaul Network Topology 3626.6.5.2 Transport Protocols 3636.6.5.3 Protocol Stacks for User Traffic 3666.6.5.4 Technology Comparison 3676.6.6 Conclusions 374References 3747 NG-RAN Deployment Considerations 379Andreas Neubacher and Vishwanath Ramamurthi7.1 Introduction 3797.2 Key Ideas 3817.3 Deployment Objectives and Challenges 3817.3.1 Where to Provide Coverage 3817.3.2 Network Capacity and Compute Resource Planning 3837.3.2.1 Air Interface Capacity 3837.3.2.2 Compute Resources for Edge Computing Services 3847.3.2.3 Reliability Considerations 3857.3.3 Service Fulfillment Criteria 3867.4 Deployment Considerations 3877.4.1 Deployment Cost 3877.4.2 Spectrum and Radio Propagation Considerations 3887.4.3 5G Frequency Ranges 3907.4.4 Transport Considerations 3917.4.5 Baseband Pooling 3937.4.6 Choice of a NG-RAN Split Architecture 3947.4.6.1 Sub-6 GHz Case 3947.4.6.2 High-Band (mmWave) Case 3947.5 Conclusions 395References 395Index 397
SASHA SIROTKIN is a senior engineer with 20 years of experience in telecommunications, international standardization, IP, machine learning, real-time systems, and open source technologies. He obtained MSc and BSc degrees in computer science and physics from Tel-Aviv University. His primary areas of interest are 4G/LTE and 5G/NR Radio Access Network architecture, as well as licensed and unlicensed spectrum integration and co-existence.
1997-2024 DolnySlask.com Agencja Internetowa