Formwork is the temporary moulds in the construction which are fabricated based on drawing and design of the structure and into which the concrete is poured to form the required structure. The formworks must be strong enough to withstand all types of the loads and leak proof. The selection of the suitable framework is important in any project because it bears about 25 to 30% cost of total cost of construction. The materials used for the formworks should be economical, easily available and durable. The formworks can be made up of different materials such as plywood, steel, aluminum, composite...

The aim of present book was to compare the seismic behavior of two bare frame systems and assess the working of shear walls work with moment-resisting frames. Shear walls and bare frames are combined in the first model, while shear walls are absent in the second model and are analyzed statically and dynamically using ETABS 2020 software. The results of two models were compared in different aspects such as base shear forces, displacements and vibration modes.

The rapid urbanization resulting from this migration has placed immense pressure on urban infrastructure. Urban planners are increasingly concerned about the significant lack of urban housing, a problem that is expected to worsen as urbanization progresses. The primary factor contributing to the high cost of housing in urban areas is the expensive land prices in metropolitan centers. The demand for affordable housing has become increasingly urgent as the cost of living continues to rise. Providing affordable housing to economically disadvantaged individuals is essential for improving their...