The success of endodontic therapy depends fundamentally on accurate diagnosis of pulpal and periapical conditions. Conventional diagnostic tests such as percussion, palpation, and thermal/electric pulp testing have been widely employed for decades. However, they are inherently limited by subjectivity, variability in patient responses and an inability to directly measure pulp vascularity, which is the true determinant of pulp vitality. The evolution of diagnostic modalities in dentistry has introduced advanced imaging techniques and biological vitality tests including Cone Beam Computed...