The increasing reliance on borehole water as a primary source of drinking water across Africa raises significant concerns regarding its quality and safety. This book assesses the physicochemical characteristics and hardness status of borehole water in various regions of Africa, focusing on its implications for public health. Water samples were collected from multiple boreholes, and key parameters such as total hardness, pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, and concentrations of essential minerals (calcium, magnesium) were analyzed. Preliminary findings indicate that while some samples fall...