Growing demand for water services in Kenya's urban slums has for long been addressed through various interventions by NGOs, CBOs and informal small-scale water vendors. With the water sector reforms in Kenya, there is now emphasis on strengthening the pro-poor focus of the sector. With this, institutions have been established to formalize water services: licensed water service providers (WSPs) in large towns; a national WSP regulator namely the Water Services Regulatory Board; and a WSP pro-poor financier namely the Water Services Trust Fund. This study assesses the influence of formalized...