Radioactivity is related to energy that is released from radionuclides in the form of radiation. Ionizing radiation is produced as electromagnetic rays. These radiations are the cause of genetic, reproductive and cancerous effects in the living organisms.Because of the potential for radiation contamination in the food web to badly influence human and ecological well-being, and also the interest to understand the comparative influences of local and worldwide sources to present and upcoming radionuclide concentrations, many scientific efforts have been started to characterize radionuclides in...

The management of the municipal solid waste has turned into an intense issue because of improved economic activities and quick urbanization. Enhanced consideration has been given by the government lately to handle this issue in a protected and hygienic way. In this respect, an assessment of the functional elements of municipal solid waste of Zone I Islamabad has been carried out through the collection of the secondary data from the Capital Development Authority Islamabad (CDA), and interviewing higher officials and sweepers of CDA and field survey. Field survey was carried out in order to...

Water quality is being assessed by the microbial indicators e.g. Coliforms. There are two main types of coliform bacteria, which indicate that there may be some other disease causing microbes present along with these coliforms. Total coliform are the organisms that are productive in the soil. Fecal coliform bacteria instigate in the intestines of warm-blooded organisms (mammals). They have short life span as compared to other coliforms. The presence of coliform bacteria in ground water is a worldwide issue including Pakistan. Presence of these bacteria in drinking water indicates the...