Canada has become a major producer and exporter of wood pellets in the world. But the low water resistivity and the high transportation cost impede the market development. Torrefaction may provide a solution. The present study developed the torrefaction kinetics, studied the torrefaction reaction conditions in two bench-scale reactors, and identified the suitable conditions for making durable torrefied pellets in a press machine. The weight loss of softwood significantly depended on the torrefaction temperature, the residence time, the particle size, and the oxygen concentration in the...