Using data from systematic social observations of police-citizen encounters, this work explores gender differences in police utilization of controlling and supporting behaviors. By assessing the impact of intervening situational and organizational factors, the study underscores the conditions under which female officers utilize different behaviors from their male counterparts. Findings suggest that women are much less likely than men to utilize extreme controlling behaviors, such as threats, physical restraint, search, and arrest. Surprisingly, the findings do not support the...
Using data from systematic social observations of police-citizen encounters, this work explores gender differences in police utilization of ...