The Idea of Program Refinement Programs are complex. They are typically so complex, that they go beyond the full comprehension even of the programmer or team who designed them, with all the consequences this has. How can we cope with such complexity in a satisfactory way? An approach, advocated for a long time, is to separate a concise specification of a program - the "what" - from a possibly involved implementation - the "how." Once a specification is obtained from the set of requirements on the program, there can still be a large gap to an efficient implementation. The development from...

Industrial Strength Formal Methods in Practice provides hands-on experience and guidance for anyone who needs to apply formal methods successfully in an industrial context. Each chapter is written by an expert in software engineering or formal methods, and contains background information, introductions to the techniques being used, actual fragments of formalised components, details of results and an analysis of the overall approach. It provides specific details on how to produce high-quality software that comes in on-time and within budget. Aimed mainly at practitioners in software...

A Theory and Practice of Program Development provides a comprehensive introduction to a software development method based on VDM-SL. Each development step is rigorously justified, and the strategies and transformations used are justified and explained ma thematically. The approach provides the formal semantics of a simple, but powerful, wide-spectrum programming language and gives a formal definition of both algorithmic and data refinement. Unlike other texts, it covers both the theory and practice of program development. Although based on VDM-SL, no knowledge of this language is...

Errata, detected in Taylor's Logarithms. London: 4to, 1792. sic] 14.18.3 6 Kk Co-sine of 3398 3298 - Nautical Almanac (1832) In the list of ERRATA detected in Taylor's Logarithms, for cos. 4 18'3," read cos. 14 18'2." - Nautical Almanac (1833) ERRATUM ofthe ERRATUM ofthe ERRATA of TAYLOR'S Logarithms. For cos. 4 18'3," read cos. 14 18' 3." - Nautical Almanac (1836) In the 1820s, an Englishman named Charles Babbage designed and partly built a calculating machine originally intended for use in deriving and printing logarithmic and other tables used in the shipping industry. At that time, such...

This is the latest volume in the Workshops in Computing series, and contains the papers presented at the International Workshop on Structures in Concurrency Theory (STRICT), held in Berlin, from 11 - 13 May 1995. Concurrency theory deals with formal aspects of concurrent systems. It uses partly competing and partly complementary formalisms and structures. This workshop was jointly organised by the Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin and the ESPRIT Basic Research Working Group CALIBAN. CALIBAN and its predecessor DEMON are ESPRIT Basic Research projects with the aim of developing design...