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This book makes available to scholars the unpublished proto-scholastic Commentary on the Psalms, composed by one of the outstanding figures of the early twelfth century, Gilbert of Poiters (Gilbert Porreta). The commentary had its origins in the atmosphere of experimentation which characterized the schools of Laon, Chartres and Paris in the first decades of the century. Its unique mise en page, its methodology and its connection to other texts - especially glossed classical texts, the Glossa ordinaria and the writings of Peter Lombard - are explored. Gilbert's...

Held in Philadelphia from May 10 through October 10, the 1876 Centennial Exhibition celebrated the 100th anniversary of American independence. Philadelphia hosted 37 nations in five main buildings and 250 additional structures on 285 acres of land. The celebration looked backward to commemorate the progress made over the 100-year period, and it announced to the world that American invention and innovation was on a par with that of our foreign counterparts. Patriotism abounded, as did messages of industrial and commercial prowess that promised a brighter future for all. Over nine million...

The first modern study of Nicholas of Lyra. A Franciscan teacher at the University of Paris, Nicholas (d. 1349) was an immensely important biblical commentator whose works influenced generations of scholars including Luther. Famed for his knowledge of Hebrew learning, as well as of the Latin Fathers, Nicholas was also highly conscious of interpretative method and of the Bible as literary artefact. In his massive Postillae, Nicholas commented on the entire Bible according to both literal and spiritual senses. This masterpiece is the basis for fifteen essays which cover major biblical...