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The study of discourse markers has been a hot topic in linguistics in recent years, yet their semantics has not been dealt with in detail. This is largely due to a widespread assumption that they play a strictly pragmatic role and therefore fall outside the realm of semantics. This book applies the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach to analyze a set of four discourse markers (bueno, pues, o sea, entonces), as used in a corpus of conversational Colombian Spanish. It demonstrates that these markers do carry semantic meaning and that they can be...

Does the use of two languages by bilinguals inevitably bring about grammatical change? Does switching between languages serve as a catalyst in such change? It is widely held that linguistic code-switching inherently promotes grammatical convergence - languages becoming more similar to each other through contact; evidence for this, however, remains elusive. A model of how to study language contact scientifically, Bilingualism in the Community highlights variation patterns in speech, using a new bilingual corpus of English and Spanish spontaneously produced by the same speakers. Putting forward...

While certain ecological problems associated with artificial night lighting are widely known-for instance, the disorientation of sea turtle hatchlings by beachfront lighting-the vast range of influences on all types of animals and plants is only beginning to be recognized. From nest choice and breeding success of birds to behavioral and physiological changes in salamanders, many organisms are seriously affected by human alterations in natural patterns of light and dark.
Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting is the first book to consider the environmental effects of the...