Wastewater Management for Coastal Cities: The Ocean Disposal Option

ISBN-13: 9783642797316 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 345 str.

Charles G. Gunnerson; Jonathan A. French

Opis

Protection of coastal waters from direct pollution by coastal cities is a vital task in preserving marine ecosystems and promoting human health. This book, edited by two leading experts on wastewater management for coastal cities, delves deeply into the ecological and oceanographic fundamentals that are essential for understanding of what happens to wastes discharged into the nearshore marine environment. It explains the requirements for rational engineering design and operation of the physical and institutional components of coastal city wastewater management, and it provides guidelines for hydraulic design, ocean outfall construction, monitoring, cost recovery, and other economic aspects. Case studies are included, drawn from the editors' worldwide field experience.

Spis treści

1 Overview.- 2 Oceanography at the Margin.- 2.1 The Physical, Geological, and Chemical Framework.- 2.1.1 Oceanic Waters.- 2.1.2 Coastal Waters.- 2.1.3 Waves, Tides, and Sea Level.- 2.1.4 Marine Geology and Sedimentation.- 2.1.5 Chemistry of Seawater and Suspended Sediments.- 2.1.6 Stirring and Mixing.- 2.1.7 Bays, Estuaries, and Straits.- 2.2 The Living Sea.- 2.2.1 Ecological Relationships and Trophic Levels.- 2.2.2 Marine Productivity.- 2.2.3 Plankton.- 2.2.4 Nekton.- 2.2.5 Bacteria.- 2.2.6 Benthos.- 2.2.7 Fisheries.- 2.3 Special Topics.- 2.3.1 Public Health Aspects.- 2.3.2 Environmental Toxicity.- 2.3.3 Wave and Current Measurements.- 2.3.4 A Historical Note on Biological Oceanography.- 2.4 References.- 3 Ecological Design.- 3.1 Public Health.- 3.1.1 Marine Recreational Water.- 3.1.2 Shellfish and Finfish.- 3.2 Design for Marine Ecosystems.- 3.2.1 Eutrophication.- 3.2.2 Toxic Wastes.- 3.2.3 Minamata - A Special Case.- 3.2.4 Synthetic Organics.- 3.3 Ocean Dumping.- 3.4 References.- 4 Hydraulic Design.- 4.1 Concepts and Definitions.- 4.2 Qualitative Descriptions of Receiving Waters.- 4.2.1 Coastal Waters.- 4.2.2 Rivers.- 4.2.3 Estuaries.- 4.3 Methods of Analysis for Outfall Siting.- 4.3.1 First Questions.- 4.3.2 Worked Example of Near Field Dilution.- 4.3.3 Field Surveys.- 4.3.4 Numerical Modeling.- 4.3.5 Physical Hydraulic Models.- 4.4 Equations for Estimating Turbulent Diffusion.- 4.5 Comparisons of Results.- 4.6 Outfall and Outlet Location.- 4.6.1 Information Needs.- 4.6.2 Water Quality.- 4.6.3 Worked Example of Outfall Siting.- 4.7 Outlet Design and Initial Dilution.- 4.7.1 Single Open Ends, Rose Diffusers Caps, Multiport Diffusers.- 4.7.2 Initial Dilution for Plumes from Single Round Ports.- 4.7.3 Initial Dilution from a Line Source.- 4.7.4 Initial Dilution from a Line of Port Clusters.- 4.7.5 Quick Estimate of Likelihood of Plume Submergence.- 4.7.6 Diffuser Design.- 4.8 Other Hydraulic Design Considerations.- 4.8.1 Pipe Diameter.- 4.8.2 Thrust at Bends.- 4.8.3 Hydraulic Transients.- 4.8.4 Excess Hydrostatic Head.- 4.8.5 Drop Structures.- 4.8.6 Provision for Pigging.- 4.9 Appendix. A note on Post-Audits.- 4.10 References.- 5 Construction Materials.- 5.1 Pipe Materials.- 5.1.1 Cast Iron.- 5.1.2 Wrought Iron.- 5.1.3 Plastic.- 5.1.4 Reinforced Concrete.- 5.1.5 Coated Steel.- 5.2 Recommended Reading.- 6 On-Bottom Stability.- 6.1 Forces.- 6.1.1 Soil Forces.- 6.1.2 Hydrodynamic Forces.- 6.2 Vertical Stability of Unburied Pipelines.- 6.3 Vertical Stability of Buried Pipelines.- 6.4 Lateral Stability of Unburied Pipelines.- 6.4.1 Density Anchors.- 6.4.2 Mechanical Anchors.- 6.5 Lateral Stability of Buried Pipelines.- 6.6 References.- 7 Stress Analysis.- 7.1 Identifying and Analyzing Stress.- 7.1.1 Stress from Anchors.- 7.1.2 Unsupported Span Analysis.- 7.1.3 Collapse/Buckling Analysis.- 7.2 References.- 8 Corrosion Control.- 8.1 Corrosion Protection for Steel in Seawater.- 8.1.1 Cathodic Protection.- 8.1.2 External Coatings.- 8.1.3 Internal Coatings.- 8.1.4 Recommended Reading.- 9 Ocean Outfall Construction.- 9.1 Practical Limits to Current Construction Practices.- 9.1.1 Selecting a Construction Method.- 9.1.2 Classification of Construction Methods.- 9.1.3 State-of-the-Art Constraints.- 9.2 Construction Methods.- 9.2.1 Bottom Assembly Methods.- 9.2.2 Pipe Laying from a Mobile Jack-up Platform.- 9.2.3 Pipe Laying from a Trestle.- 9.2.4 Pipe Laying from a Floating Crane Barge.- 9.2.5 Surface Assembly from an Offshore Lay Barge.- 9.2.6 Bottom Pull Method.- 9.2.7 Floats and Chain Method.- 9.2.8 On-Bottom Connection of Short Lengths.- 9.2.9 Bottom Pull from Floating Work Platforms.- 9.2.10 Surface Pull (Flotation) Method.- 9.2.11 Remote Assembly Method.- 9.3 Trenching and Backfilling.- 9.3.1 Controlling Factors.- 9.3.2 Trenching Methods.- 9.3.3 Backfilling Methods.- 9.4 Shore Approach.- 9.4.1 Design Considerations.- 9.4.2 Construction Considerations.- 9.5 Tunneling.- 9.5.1 Horizontal Directional Drilling and Microtunneling.- 9.5.2 Large-diameter Tunnels.- 9.6 Construction Monitoring and Inspection.- 9.7 References.- 10 Monitoring.- 10.1 A Framework for Sustainable Monitoring.- 10.2 Some Performance Monitoring Principles.- 10.2.1 Equilibrium Response Times and Monitoring Design.- 10.3 Hydraulic and Structural Monitoring.- 10.4 Discharge Monitoring.- 10.5 Ecological Monitoring.- 10.5.1 Public Health.- 10.5.2 Ecological Interactions.- 10.5.3 Other Parameters.- 10.6 The Infaunal Trophic Index.- 10.7 Recovery of Damaged Ecosystems.- 10.8 Post-Audits.- 10.9 Regulatory and Zero-Discharge Models.- 10.10 Appendix. Power Spectrum Analysis.- 10.11 References.- 11 Case Studies.- 11.1 Scope of Case Studies.- 11.2 The Yangtze Estuary: The Second Shanghai Sewerage Project.- 11.2.1 Introduction.- 11.2.2 Organisation of Feasibility Studies.- 11.2.3 Master Plan.- 11.2.4 Layout of Outfall.- 11.2.5 Environmental Impact.- 11.2.6 Other Studies.- 11.2.7 References.- 11.3 The Thames Estuary.- 11.3.1 Recent History of a Maturing Remedial System.- 11.3.2 The DSIR Dissolved Oxygen Model.- 11.3.3 Hydrography of th Thames Estuary.- 11.3.4 Fish Populations.- 11.3.5 Principal Findings and Conclusions.- 11.3.6 References.- 11.4 The Bosporus and Sea of Marmara.- 11.4.1 Regional Geography and Oceanography.- 11.4.2 Oceanography of the Bosporus.- 11.4.3 Two-Layer Current System in the Turkish Straits.- 11.4.4 Evolving Environmental Engineering Design Criteria.- 11.4.5 Environmental Impact of Outfall Alternatives.- 11.4.6 Proposed and Constructed Outfalls.- 11.4.7 References.- 11.5 Boston Harbor.- 11.5.1 Early History of Boston Sewerage.- 11.5.2 Proposals for Long Outfalls.- 11.5.3 Selection of a Treatment Plant Site.- 11.5.4 Siting the Outfall, Hydraulic Design.- 11.5.5 Receiving Water Quality Modelling.- 11.5.6 Construction.- 11.5.7 Public Awareness, Community Participation.- 11.5.8 Recommended Reading.- 11.6 Southern California Bight.- 11.6.1 Ocean Disposal of Southern California Wastewaters.- 11.6.2 Recovery of Damaged Ecosystems.- 11.6.3 References.- 12 Cost and Sustainability Factors.- 12.1 What Costs? What Benefits? Who Pays?.- 12.1.1 Limits to Scale in Water Supply and Sanitation.- 12.1.2 Allocating Costs of Water and Sanitation Benefits.- 12.2 Costs of Ocean Outfalls.- 12.3 Estimating Marginal Costs and Benefits.- 12.3.1 Simulating Sewage Treatment Costs and Benefits.- 12.3.2 Measuring Sewage Treatment Costs and Benefits.- 12.4 Principles of Comparative Costing.- 12.4.1 Worked Example of Average Incremental Costing.- 12.5 Sustainable Water and Sanitation Management.- 12.5.1 Water Conflict Identification.- 12.5.2 Water Conflict Resolution.- 12.5.3 Information and Technology Transfer.- 12.5.4 Terms of Reference for Information and Technology Transfer.- 12.5 References.- 13 Index.

Blurb

Increasing globalization of the world economy is being accompanied by increasing threats to the marine environment and corresponding increase in responsibilities for the engineers, scientists, and planners who are charged with protecting that environment and serving the peoples of coastal cities.
During the last half of the 20th century, coastal cities and megacities have made massive investments in water supply and sanitation. And yet while qualitative health and environmental benefits have been achieved, they have rarely been quantified by post-audits that would provide rationale and priorities for future investments.
The long-range goals of the editors and contributors along with the rest of us in international engineering and economic development is to make investments in coastal city wastewater management more effective and more efficient. The common object of the authors of this book, besides detailing considerable design information, is to introduce to students and practitioners the scientific, engineering, economic, and institutional frameworks within which investment and assessment decisions are further developed.
Fachgebiet: Environmental Engineering Zielgruppe: Application Fachgebiet: Environmental Engineering Zielgruppe: Application
William C. Carroll, Past President American Society of Civil Engineers, and World Federation of Engineering Organizations