Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control

ISBN-13: 9781461332398 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 720 str.

Alfred S. Evans; Alfred S. Evans

Opis

also occurs. New outbreaks of yellow fever have occurred in Colombia and Trinidad and new outbreaks of rift valley fever have occurred in Egypt. Chapter 6, Arenaviruses: The biochemical and physical properties have now been clar ified, and they show a remarkable uniformity in the various viruses constituting the group. The possibility that prenatal infection with LCM may result in hydrocephalus and chorioretinitis has been raised. Serologic surveys have suggested the existence of Lassa virus infection in Guinea, Central African Empire, Mali, Senegal, Cameroon, and Benin, in addition to earlier identification in Nigeria, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Chapter 7, Coronaviruses: New studies have confirmed the important role of these viruses in common respiratory illnesses of children and adults. The viruses are now known to contain a single positive strand of RNA. About 50% of corona virus infections result in clinical illness. About 5% of common colds are caused by strain DC 43 in winter. Chapter 8, Cytomegalovirus: Sections on pathogenesis of CMV in relation to organ transplantation and mononucleosis, as well as sections on the risk and features of con genital infection and disease, have been expanded. There are encouraging preliminary results with a live CMV vaccine, but the questions of viral persistence and oncogenicity require further evaluation."

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I. Introduction and Concepts.- l Epidemiological Concepts and Methods.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Definitions and Methods.- 3. Epidemics.- 4. Investigation of an Epidemic.- 5. The Agent.- 6. The Environment.- 7. The Host.- 8. Routes of Transmission.- 8.1. Respiratory.- 8.2. Gastrointestinal.- 8.3. Skin.- 8.4. Genital.- 8.5. Intrauterine or Transplacental.- 8.6. Genitourinary.- 8.7. Personal Contact.- 8.8. Water and Food.- 8.9. Arthropod-Borne.- 9. Pathogenesis.- 9.1. Respiratory.- 9.2. Gastrointestinal.- 9.3. Systemic Infections.- 9.4. The Exanthem.- 9.5. Infections of the Central Nervous System.- 9.6. Persistent Viral Infections.- 10. Incubation Period.- 11. The Immune Response.- 11.1. Humoral Immunity.- 11.2. Local Immunity (Secretory IgA System).- 11.3. Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 11.4. Immune Responses in the Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases.- 12. Patterns of Host Responses.- 12.1. The Biological Gradient.- 12.2. Clinical Syndromes.- 13. Diagnosis of Viral Diseases.- 13.1. Collection.- 13.2. Requests for Testing.- 13.3. Tests Employed.- 13.4. Interpretation of Tests.- 14. Proof of Causation.- 15. Control and Prevention.- 15.1. Immunization.- 15.2. Chemoprophylaxis and Therapy.- 16. References.- 17. Suggested Reading.- 2 Surveillance and Seroepidemiology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Surveillance.- 2.1. Historical Background.- 2.2. Elements of Surveillance.- 2.3. Other Surveillance Methods.- 2.4. Surveillance in Research Studies.- 2.5. Publications on Surveillance.- 2.6. Predictive Surveillance.- 3 Seroepidemiology.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Historical Background.- 3.3. Methodology.- 3.4. Advantages and Limitations.- 3.5. Uses of Seroepidemiology.- 4. References.- II. Acute Viral Infections.- 3 Adenoviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiological Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Data.- 3.2. Interpretation of Laboratory Tests.- 4. Characteristics of the Virus.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Synopsis of Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.2. Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Specific Syndromes.- 6. Mechanisms and Route of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 4 African Hemorrhagic Fevers Due to Marburg and Ebola Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Used in Epidemiological Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Morbidity and Mortality Data.- 3.2. Laboratory Diagnosis.- 3.3. Surveys.- 3.4. Clinical Diagnosis of Acute Infection.- 4. Characteristics of Marburg and Ebola Viruses.- 4.1. Morphology and Morphogenesis.- 4.2. Physical Properties.- 4.3. Chemical Properties.- 4.4. Biological Properties.- 4.5. Serological Relationships.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Prevalence and Incidence.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior and Contagiousness.- 5.3. Other Epidemiological Features.- 6. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 6.1. Spread of Virus.- 6.2. Reservoir.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. In Guinea Pigs and Hamsters.- 7.2. In Nonhuman Primates.- 7.3. In Man.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Features.- 8.2. Diagnosis.- 9. Prevention and Control.- 9.1. General Concepts.- 9.2. Management and Disposition of Patients.- 9.3. General Strategy for Isolation and Management of Suspect “Exotic” Infections.- 10. Unresolved Problems: Detection of Infection and Disease.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 5 Arboviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiolgical Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Charactristics of the Virus That Affect the Epidemiological Pattern.- 5. Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Age and Sex.- 5.6. Other Factors.- 6. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Features.- 8.2. Diagnosis.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 10. Characteristics of Selected Arboviruses.- 10.1. Arboviruses of Importance in the United States.- 10.2. Other Arboviruses in the United States That Affect Human Beings.- 10.3. Arboviruses Outside the United States That Affect Human Beings.- 11. Unresolved Problems.- 11.1. The Viruses.- 11.2. The Vectors.- 11.3. The Vertebrate Hosts.- 11.4. Transmission Cycles Involving Virus, Vector, and Vertebrate.- 11.5. Disease in the Vertebrate Host.- 11.6. Control.- 12. References.- 13. Suggested Reading.- 6 Arenaviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology.- 3.1. Mortality.- 3.2. Morbidity.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Diagnosis.- 4. The Viruses.- 4.1. Biochemical and Physical Properties.- 4.2. Morphology and Morphogenesis.- 4.3. Antigenic Properties.- 4.4. Biological Properties.- 5. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 6. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis.- 6.1. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 6.2. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 6.3. Patterns of Host Response.- 6.4. Treatment and Prevention.- 7. Argentinian Hemorrhagic Fever.- 7.1. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 7.2. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 7.3. Patterns of Host Response.- 7.4. Treatment, Control, and Prevention.- 8. Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever.- 8.1. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 8.2. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 8.3. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.4. Treatment, Prevention, and Control.- 9. Lassa Fever.- 9.1. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 9.2. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 9.3. Patterns of Host Response.- 9.4. Treatment and Disposition of Patients.- 9.5. Prevention and Control.- 10. Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome.- 11. Unresolved Questions.- 11.1. Vaccines.- 11.2. Serum Therapy.- 11.3. Immunopathology.- 11.4. Geographic Distribution.- 12. References.- 13. Suggested Reading.- 7 Coronaviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence.- 5.2. Geographic Distribution.- 5.3. Temporal Distribution.- 5.4. Age.- 5.5. Other Factors.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 8 Cytomegalovirus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology.- 3.1. Mortality.- 3.2. Morbidity.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Diagnosis.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Prevalence and Incidence.- 5.2. Geographic Distribution.- 5.3. Age and Sex.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Occupation.- 5.6. Race and Socioeconomic Setting.- 6. Mechanism of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. Pathogenesis.- 7.2. Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Neonatal Infections.- 8.2. Infection of Children and Adults.- 9. Immunization.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 9 Enteroviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiological Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Mobidity Data.- 3.3. Serological and Clinical Surveys.- 3.4. Virus Isolation from Surface Waters as an Indicator of Community Infections.- 3.5. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus That Affect the Epidemiological Pattern.- 4.1. General Properties.- 4.2. Reactions to Chemical and Physical Agents.- 4.3. Antigenic Characteristics.- 4.4. Host Range in Vivo and in Vitro.- 4.5. Replication of Enteroviruses.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. General Epidemiology of Enteroviruses.- 5.2. Epidemiological Patterns of Poliomyelitis.- 6. Mechanisms and Route of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. Pathogenesis.- 7.2. Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response and Diagnosis.- 8.1. Clinical Syndromes.- 8.2. Diagnosis.- 9. Control and Prevention of Poliomyelitis.- 9.1. Killed Polio Vaccine.- 9.2. Live Attenuated Polio Vaccine.- 9.3. Conclusions on Polio Vaccines and Their Future Use.- 9.4. Current Status of Immunity against Poliomyelitis in the United States.- 9.5. “Social Failures” of Polio Vaccine Administration.- 9.6. Nonspecific Control Measures for Poliomyelitis.- 10. Control of Other Enterovirus Infections.- 11. Control of Enteroviruses in Water.- 12. Unresolved Problems.- 13. References.- 14. Suggested Reading.- 10 Epstein-Barr Virus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology.- 3.1. Mortality Data.- 3.2. Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Agent.- 4.1. The Virus.- 4.2. Proof of Causation of Infectious Mononucleosis.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Prevalence and Incidence.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Age.- 5.6. Sex.- 5.7. Race.- 5.8. Occupation.- 5.9. Occurence in Different Settings.- 5.10. Socioeconomic Factors.- 5.11. Other Factors.- 6. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Features.- 8.2. Diagnosis.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 10. Unsolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 11 Viral Gastroenteritis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiological Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics.- 4.1. Norwalk Group of Viruses.- 4.2. Rotaviruses.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Norwalk Group of Viruses.- 5.2. Rotaviruses.- 6. Mechanisms and Route of Transmission.- 6.1. Norwalk Group of Viruses.- 6.2. Rotaviruses.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. Norwalk Group of Viruses.- 7.2. Rotaviruses.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Norwalk Group of Viruses.- 8.2. Rotaviruses.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 9.1. Norwalk Group of Viruses.- 9.2. Rotaviruses.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 10.1. Norwalk Group and Miscellaneous Enteric Agents.- 10.2. Rotaviruses.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 12 Viral Hepatitis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiological Analysis.- 3.1. Mortality.- 3.2. Morbidity.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Human Hepatitis Viruses.- 4.1. Hepatitis A Virus.- 4.2. Hepatitis B Virus.- 4.3. Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis Viruses.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Viral Hepatitis A.- 5.2. Viral Hepatitis B.- 5.3. Non-A, Non-B Viral Hepatitis.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 6.1. Viral Hepatitis A.- 6.2. Viral Hepatitis B.- 6.3. Non-A, Non-B Viral Hepatitis.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. Viral Hepatitis A.- 7.2. Viral Hepatitis B.- 7.3. Non-A, Non-B Viral Hepatitis.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Features.- 8.2. Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma.- 8.3. Laboratory Diagnosis.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 9.1. Viral Hepatitis A.- 9.2. Viral Hepatitis B.- 9.3. Non-A, Non-B Viral Hepatitis.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 13 Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2.- 1. Introduction and Social Aspects.- 2. Evolutionary and Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiological Analysis.- 3.1. Mortality.- 3.2. Morbidity.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Diagnosis.- 4. Biological Characteristics of Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. General Epidemiology.- 5.2. Epidemiological Aspects of Specific Clinical Entities.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Mouth and Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Tracts.- 8.2. Lips.- 8.3. Eyes.- 8.4. Skin.- 8.5. Urogenital tract.- 8.6. Nervous System.- 8.7. Fetus and Newborn.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 9.1. Prevention of the Initial Infection.- 9.2. Reduction of the Source of Virus Transmissible to Others.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 10.1. Reporting.- 10.2. Virological Aspects.- 10.3. Host Factors.- 10.4. Control and Prevention.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 14 Influenza Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Epidemiological Methodology.- 3.1. Mortality Data.- 3.2. Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence Data.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Age.- 5.6. Other Factors.- 6. Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. Pathogenesis..- 7.2. Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Features.- 8.2. Diagnosis.- 9. Control Measures.- 10. Unresolved Problems..- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 15 Measles.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiological Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Age.- 5.6. Sex.- 5.7. Race.- 5.8. Occupation.- 5.9. Social Setting.- 5.10. Socioeconomic Status.- 5.11. Nutrition.- 6. Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Features of Unusual Forms.- 8.2. Diagnosis.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 10.1. Vaccine Distribution in Developing Countries.- 10.2. Eradication.- 10.3. Measles and Multiple Sclerosis.- 11. References.- 16 Mumps.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. The Agent.- 4. Methodology Involved in Epidemiological Analysis.- 4.1. Sources of Data.- 4.2. Serological Surveys.- 4.3. Laboratory Methods.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence.- 5.2. Survey Data.- 5.3. Epidemic Behavior and Contagiousness.- 5.4. Geographic Distribution.- 5.5. Temporal Distribution.- 5.6. Age.- 5.7. Sex.- 5.8. Race and Occupation.- 5.9. Occurrence in Different Settings.- 5.10. Other Factors.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Common Clinical Features.- 8.2. Involvement of the Central Nervous System.- 8.3. Involvement of the Heart.- 8.4. Orchitis and Sterility.- 8.5. Mumps and Diabetes.- 8.6. Other Complications.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 17 Parainfluenza Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiological Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus That Affect the Epidemiological Pattern.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence Data.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Age Distribution.- 5.6. Sex.- 5.7. Race and Occupation.- 5.8. Occurrence in Special Epidemiological Settings.- 5.9. Socioeconomic Status.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. Pathogenesis.- 7.2. Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Manifestations.- 8.2. Diagnosis.- 9. Control and Prevention Based on Epidemiological Data.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 18 Rabies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiological Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus That Affect the Epidemiological Pattern.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Age, Sex, Race, Occupation, Socioeconomic, Nutritional and Genetic Factors.- 6. Mechanisms and Route of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Features.- 8.2. Diagnosis.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 9.1. Epidemiological Methods.- 9.2. Immunization Concepts and Practice.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 10.1. Epizootiology of Wildlife Rabies.- 10.2. Rabies-Related Viruses.- 10.3. Vaccines.- 10.4. Pathogenesis and Virulence.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 19 Respiratory Syncytial Virus.- 1. Introduction and Historical Background.- 2. Methodology Involved in Epidemiological Analysis.- 2.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 2.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 2.3. Serological Surveys.- 2.4. Laboratory Methods.- 3. Biological Characteristics of the Virus That Affect the Epidemiological Pattern.- 4. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 4.1. Incidence and Prevalence Data.- 4.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 4.3. Geographic Distribution.- 4.4. Temporal Distribution.- 4.5. Age.- 4.6. Sex.- 4.7. Race.- 4.8. Occupation.- 4.9. Occurrence in Different Settings.- 4.10. Socioeconomic Status.- 4.11. Other Factors.- 5. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 6. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7. Patterns of Host Response.- 7.1. Symptoms.- 7.2. Diagnosis.- 8. Control and Prevention.- 9. Unresolved Problems.- 10. References.- 20 Rhinoviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiological Analysis.- 3.1. Surveillance and Sampling.- 3.2. Methods of Virus Isolation and Propagation.- 3.3. Methods Used for Serological Surveys and Antibody Measurements.- 4. Characteristics of the Virus That Affect the Epidemiological Pattern.- 4.1. Physical and Biochemical Characteristics.- 4.2. Biological Characteristics.- 4.3. Antigenic Characteristics.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence of Infection.- 5.2. Occurrence in Different Settings.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis.- 8. Immunity.- 9. Patterns of Host Response.- 9.1. Clinical Features.- 9.2. Apparent/Inapparent Infection Ratios.- 10. Control and Prevention.- 11. Unresolved Problems.- 12. References.- 13. Suggested Reading.- 21 Rubella.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology.- 3.1. Mortality Data.- 3.2. Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Age and Sex.- 5.6. Other Factors.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Manifestations.- 8.2. Serological Responses.- 9. Control.- 9.1. Vaccine Development.- 9.2. Responses to Rubella Vaccines.- 9.3. Vaccination of Children: Impact on Rubella Incidence.- 9.4. Vaccination of Women of Childbearing Age.- 9.5. Management of the Rubella Problem in Pregnancy.- 9.6. Use of Immune Serum Globulin.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 22 Smallpox.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiological Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characterisitics of the Virus.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence Data.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Age.- 5.6. Sex.- 5.7. Race.- 5.8. Occupation.- 5.9. Occurrence in Different Settings.- 5.10. Socioeconomic Status.- 5.11. Other Factors.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 6.1. Period of Communicability.- 6.2. Contact Spread.- 6.3. Airborne Spread.- 6.4. Spread by Fomites.- 6.5. Vectors.- 6.6. Animal Reservoirs.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. Pathogenesis.- 7.2. Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 9. Control and Prevention Based on Epidemiological Data.- 9.1. Control Program.- 9.2. Immunization Concepts and Practice.- 9.3. Success of the Program.- 9.4. Plans for the Future.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 23 Varicella-Herpes Zoster Virus.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Definition.- 1.2. Social Significance.- 2. Historical Background.- 2.1. Clinical Recognition.- 2.2. Association of Varicella with Herpes Zoster.- 2.3. Isolation and Propagation of the Etiological Agent of Varicella-Zoster.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiological Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus That Affect the Epidemiological Pattern.- 4.1. Latency in the Human Host: Primary Infection, Latency, and Reactivation.- 4.2. Failure of Varicella-Zoster Virus to Persist in Scabs or Fomites: Limited Period of Communicability.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence Data.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Age.- 5.6. Sex.- 5.7. Race.- 5.8. Occupation.- 5.9. Occurrence of Varicella in Different Settings.- 5.10. Socioeconomic Status.- 5.11. Other Factors.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 6.1. Varicella.- 6.2. Herpes Zoster.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. Varicella.- 7.2. Herpes Zoster.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Patterns.- 8.2. Diagnosis.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 9.1. General Concepts.- 9.2. Interruption of Transmission.- 9.3. Modification or Prevention of Varicella.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 10.1. Prevention.- 10.2. Pathogenesis.- 10.3. Epidemiological Unknowns.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 12.1. Monographic Summaries of Information on Varicella and on Herpes Zoster.- 12.2. Comprehensive Review of the Epidemiology of Varicella, with 257 References Covering the Literature through 1961.- 12.3. Summary of Procedures for Isolation and Study of Varicella-Zoster Virus in the Laboratory.- 12.4. Clinical Descriptions of Varicella and of Zoster, Including Complications and Differential Diagnosis.- 12.5. An Encyclopedic, Multiauthored Summary of Knowledge of the Herpesviruses of Man and of Animals.- III. Malignant and Chronic Neurological Diseases Associated WithViruses.- 24 Burkitt Lymphoma.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology.- 3.1. Mortality and Morbidity Data.- 3.2. Serological Surveys.- 3.3. Laboratory Diagnosis.- 4. Biology of Epstein-Barr Virus.- 4.1. Structure and Morphology.- 4.2. Epstein-Barr Virus Cell-Associated Antigens.- 4.3. Cell-Virus Relationships.- 4.4. Cell Transformation and Oncogenicity.- 4.5. Relationship of Epstein-Barr Virus to Burkitt Lymphoma.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence.- 5.2. Geographic Factors.- 5.3. Age and Sex.- 5.4. Genetic and Other Host Factors.- 6. Mechanism and Route of Transmisson.- 7. Pathogenesis.- 7.1. Cell Transformation.- 7.2. Immunological Surveillance.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical and Pathological Features.- 8.2. Serological Features.- 9. Therapy and Control.- 9.1. Chemotherapy.- 9.2. Malaria Control.- 9.3. Vaccines.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 25 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiological and Virological Studies.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity (Incidence) Data.- 3.3. Sources of Relative-Frequency Data.- 3.4. Serological Surveys.- 3.5. Sociological Surveys.- 3.6. Laboratory Diagnosis.- 4. Biological Characteristics of Epstein-Barr Virus in Its Relationship with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence, Frequency, and Geographic Distribution.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Sex and Age.- 5.4. Occupation.- 5.5. Change of Risk on Migration.- 5.6. Environmental Factors.- 5.7. Genetic Factors.- 5.8. Epidemiological Behavior of Epstein-Barr Virus.- 6. Mechanism of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Course of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.- 8.2. Clinical Types of Disease.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 10. Unresolved Problems and Projects for the Future.- 10.1 Role of Epstein-Barr Virus in the Management and Control of Nasopharyneal Carcinoma.- 10.2. Chemical’ and Environmental Factors in the Causation of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.- 10.3. Genetic Markers and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.- 10.4. Conclusion.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 26 Cervical Cancer.- 1.Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology.- 3.1. Mortality and Morbidity of Cervical Neoplasia.- 3.2. Studies Relating Herpes Simplex Virus to Cervical Cancer.- 4. Biology of the Cancer and the Virus.- 4.1. Cervical Cancer.- 4.2. Herpes Simplex Viruses.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Mortality Data.- 5.2. Lifetime Risk.- 5.3. Age.- 5.4. Geographic Distribution.- 5.5. Socioeconomic Status.- 5.6. Ethnic or Religious Origin.- 5.7. Other Variables.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. Pathogenesis.- 7.2. Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical and Pathological Features.- 8.2. Serological Features.- 9. Therapy and Control.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 10.1. Control of Cervical Cancer with Available Knowledge.- 10.2. Establishing a Causal Role of Herpes Simplex Virus in Human Carcinogenesis.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 27 Chronic Neurological Diseases: Subacute SclerosingPanencephalitis, Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy, Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Historical Background.- 2.3. Methodology.- 2.4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 2.5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 2.6. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 2.7. Patterns of Host Response.- 2.8. Control and Prevention.- 2.9. Unresolved Problems.- 3. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy.- 3.1. Introduction and Historical Background.- 3.2. Methodology.- 3.3. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 3.4. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 3.5. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 3.6. Patterns of Host Response.- 3.7. Unresolved Problems.- 4. Kuru.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Historical Background.- 4.3. Methodology.- 4.4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 4.5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 4.6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 4.7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 4.8. Patterns of Host Response.- 4.9. Control and Prevention.- 4.10. Unresolved Problems.- 5. Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Historical Background.- 5.3. Methodology.- 5.4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 5.5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 5.7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 5.8. Patterns of Host Response.- 5.9. Control and Prevention.- 5.10. Unresolved Problems.- 6. Summary and Comparison.- 7. Unresolved Problems.- 8. References.- 9. Suggested Reading.