Theory and Evaluation of Formation Pressures: A Pressure Detection Reference Handbook

ISBN-13: 9789401088626 / Angielski / Miękka / 2013 / 231 str.

EXLOG/Whittaker

Opis

The objectives of this book are: (1) to educate the prospective Pressure Evaluation Geologist to a basic level of expertise; (2) to provide a reference tool for the experienced geologist; and (3) to foster constructuve thought and continued development of the field geologist. Despite the incorporation of many new ideas and concepts, elaboration of the more re cent concepts is limited due to space considerations. It is hoped that the geologist will follow up via the literature referenced at the end of each chapter. Easy reference is provided by the detailed table of contents and index. A glossary of terms, definitions, and formulae adds to the usefulness of this reference text. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FOR FIGURES Figure 2-7 is reprinted by permission of the AAPG from Barker, 1972. Figure 4-21 is courtesy of Totco Figure 5-2 is reprinted by permission of the Oil and GasJournal from Matthews and Kelly, 1967. Figure 5-4 is reprinted by permission of the SPE-AIME from the Journal of Petroleum Technology from Eaton, (c) 1969. Figure 5-5 is reprinted by permission of the SPE-AIME from Hubbert and Willis, (c) 1957.

Spis treści

1. Introduction.- What Is Pressure Evaluation?.- From Formation Logging to Pressure Evaluation.- Responsibilities.- Instrumentation.- Logs and Reports.- 2. Geology.- Compaction Disequilibrium.- Aquathermal Pressuring.- Montmorillonite Dehydration.- Osmosis.- Reverse Osmosis.- Ionic Filtration.- Tectonism.- Piezometric Changes.- The Transition Zone.- Pore Pressure Maintenance.- References.- 3. Engineering.- Subsurface Pressures.- Hydrostatic Pressure.- Overburden Pressure.- Pore Pressures, Formation Balance Gradient, and Equivalent Mud Density.- Effective Overburden Pressure.- Effective Circulating Density.- Direct Pressure Measurements.- Log-Derived Fluid Densities.- 4. Pore Pressure Evaluation Techniques.- Geopressure Evaluation From Seismic Data.- Drilling Parameters.- Mud Density/Gas Relationship.- Gas-Cut Mud.- Cuttings Character.- Hole Behavior.- Drilling Exponents.- D-Exponent.- Nx and Nxb.- Shale Density.- Shale Factor.- Temperature.- Mud Resistivity/Conductivity.- Electric Log Parameters.- The Sonic Log.- Resistivity.- Density and Neutron Logs.- Factors Affecting Evaluation.- Lithology.- Controlled Drilling.- Hydraulics.- Bit Selection and Bit Wear.- Mud Type.- References.- 5. Lost Circulation, Hydraulic Fracturing, and Kicks.- Lost Circulation.- Causes.- Effects.- Solutions.- Hydraulic Fracturing.- Past and Current Technology.- Limitations and Advantages of Accepted Models.- Hubbert and Willis’ Minimum Fracture Gradient.- Matthews and Kelly’s Method.- Anderson et al..- Estimation of Fracture Pressures.- Subsurface Stress States.- Effective Stresses.- Theoretical Subsurface Stress States.- The Zero Tensile Strength Concept.- The Fracture Test.- Method.- Summary.- Examples.- Massive Hydraulic Fracturing (MHF) and Stimulation.- Kicks and Kick Tolerance.- Causes of Kicks.- Recognition of Kicks.- During Connections.- While Tripping.- Sequence of Events.- Kick Control.- The Time Factor.- Surface Pressures.- Downhole Stresses.- Procedural Complexity.- Formulae Used in Kick Control Procedures.- Kick Control Methods.- The Driller’s Method (Two Circulations).- The Engineer’s Method (One Circulation).- The Concurrent Method.- Kick Tolerance.- “Differential” Kick Tolerance 197.- Appendix A: Formulae.- Appendix B: Rw Determination from SP.- Appendix C: Nomograms.- References.