Soil and Aquifer Pollution: Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids - Contamination and Reclamation

ISBN-13: 9783642082948 / Angielski / Miękka / 2010 / 414 str.

Hillel Rubin; Nava Narkis; Judith Carberry

Opis

The Water Research Institute at the Technion (Israel Institute of Technology) is proud to have initiated and sponsored the International Workshop "Soil and Aquifer Pollution: Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids - Contamination and Recla- tion", held May 13th-15th, 1996, on the Technion campus in Haifa. Groundwater contamination is one of the pressing issues facing Israel and other countries which depend on groundwater for water supply. In Israel, 60% of the water supply comes from groundwater, most of it from two large aquifers. The Coastal Aquifer underlies the area where the largest concentration of human activity already takes place, and where much of future development is expected to occur. It is a phreatic sandstone aquifer, vulnerable to pollution from activities at the surface. The Mountain Aquifer is recharged in the higher terrain to the east, and flows, first in a phreatic zone, then confined, westward and underneath the Coastal Aquifer. This limestone aquifer has higher permeabilities and flow velo- ties, so pollution can reach the groundwater quite readily. Smaller local aquifers are also important components in the national water system. While measures are taken to protect these aquifers from pollution, there are locations where contamination has already occurred. Furthermore, accidental pollution may not be totally avoided in the future. Therefore, understanding the processes of groundwater contamination, recommending the proper measures for preventing it, and determining the best means for reclamation once pollution has occurred, are of great practical importance. Non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) are among the most significant contaminants.

Spis treści

I Introduction and General Considerations.- 1 Overview of NAPL Contamination and Reclamation.- 2 Solubilization of Dense NAPLs: Exploring the Implications of Experimental Observations on Field-Scale Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation.- II Physical-Chemical Considerations.- 3 Behavior of Volatile Organic Mixtures in the Soil Environment.- 4 Permeability of Porous Media as Affected by Shrinkage and Swelling of Clays.- 5 Sorption-Desorption and Complexation Processes of the Adsorbed and Aqueous Fraction of NAPL — Importance for Complete Cleanup of Aquifers.- 6 Estimating Mass Transfer of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons from Coal Tar-Contaminated Soil.- 7 Transport and Reactions of Petroleum Contaminants in the Unsaturated Soil Zone from Leaking Underground Tanks.- 8 Aqueous Dissolution of the Constituents of Composite Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid Contaminants.- 9 Release of Soil Organics by Chlorophenols.- III Biological Aspects.- 10 Indigenous Soil Microflora Versus Introduced Microorganisms in Subsurface Bioremediation.- 11 Rate-Limiting Steps in the Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons.- 12 Biodegradation of Coal Tar Constituents in Aquifer Sediments.- 13 Reversible and Irreversible Binding of Organics to Soils and the Effect of Biodegradation.- IV Contaminant Modeling.- 14 On the Importance of Dimensionality in the Simulation of Dense Non-Aqueous Liquid Migration in the Subsurface.- 15 Modeling of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid Migration and Recovery in Heterogeneous Aquifers.- 16 Characteristics of Entrapped LNAPL Dissolution and Transport in a Contaminated Fractured Permeable Medium.- 17 Three-Dimensional Modeling of Multi-Phase Flow and Mass Transfer in Porous Media.- 18 Problems of Flow Through Fractured Rock Formations Related to Contamination of Aquifers.- 19 Residual Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Dissolution in Micromodels.- 20 On the Movement of NAPLs Above and Within a Phreatic Aquifer.- 21 In Situ Bioremediation of Residual Entrapped NAPL in Aquifers by a Biodegradable Nutrient-Surfactant Mix.- 22 Application of a Eulerian-Lagrangian Approach for the Simulation of Entrapped NAPL Dissolution and Transport.- 23 Groundwater Contamination Originating from Continuous Oil Leakage from an Underground Source.- V Field Studies.- 24 Surfactant-Enhanced NAPL Remediation: From the Laboratory to the Field.- 25 Case Study of Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated by Diesel Oil.