Regulation and Genetics: Genetics of Animal Viruses

ISBN-13: 9781468427202 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 614 str.

H. Fraenkel-Conrat

Opis

The time seems ripe for a critical compendum of that segment of the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science, having passed only recently through its descriptive phase of naming and numbering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively few new-truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics, biochemical cytology, and high-resolution microscopy and spectroscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information explosion. Few serious attempts have been made to chronicle these events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000 pages in a total of about 22 volumes, represents a commitment by a large group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and expostulate on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of which is now amorphous and disjointed, and scattered throughout a wide literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in perspective, and to develop an invalua- ble reference and sourcebook for researchers and students at all levels. This series is designed as a continuum that can be entered anywhere, but which also provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated concepts.

Spis treści

1 Genetics of Polyoma Virus and Simian Virus 40.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Restriction Enzyme Maps of the Polyoma and SV40 Genomes.- 3. The Lytic Growth Cycle.- 3.1. Viral DNA Replication.- 3.2. Transcription during Lytic Infection.- 3.3. Virion Proteins.- 4. Mutants of Polyoma and SV40.- 4.1. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants.- 4.2. Host Range Mutants.- 4.3. Defective Mutants.- 4.4. Adenovirus-SV40 Hybrid Viruses.- 5. Viral Functions and the Early Region of the Genome.- 5.1. Cellular DNA Synthesis.- 5.2. T Antigen.- 5.3. SV40 Helper Function for Adenovirus Growth.- 6. Temperature-Dependent Properties of Transformed Cells.- 7. References.- 2 Genetics of Adenoviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. The Virion.- 1.2. Viral Biosynthesis.- 2. Adenovirus Mutants.- 2.1. Types of Mutants.- 2.2. Mutagenic Procedures.- 2.3. Isolation of Mutants.- 2.4. Genetic Constitution of the Mutants.- 3. Characteristics of the Adenovirus Genetic System.- 3.1. Aims of Genetic Analysis.- 3.2. Complementation.- 3.3. Recombination and Mapping of the Adenovirus Genome.- 4. Phenotypes of Adenovirus Mutants.- 4.1. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants.- 4.2. Plaque Morphology and Host Range Mutants.- 5. Functional Studies Using Adenovirus Mutants.- 5.1. Viral DNA Replication.- 5.2. Transcription of the Viral Genome.- 5.3. Transport of the Hexon Protein.- 5.4. Transformation.- 5.5. Helper Function.- 6. Critique and Perspectives.- 7. Note Added in Proof.- 8. References.- 3 Genetics of Herpesviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Virus Mutants.- 2.1. Specialized Mutants.- 2.2. Nonspecialized Mutants: Conditional Lethals.- 2.3. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants.- 3. Characterization of Mutants.- 3.1. Viral DNA Synthesis.- 3.2. Virus-Specified Enzymes.- 3.3. Shutoff of Host Cell DNA Synthesis.- 3.4. Proteins.- 3.5. Particles.- 3.6. Temperature-Shift Experiments.- 3.7. Effect of Host Cells on is Mutant Phenotype.- 3.8. ts Mutants in Vivo.- 4. Recombination.- 5. Effective Genomes.- 6. Validity of Recombination Analysis.- 7. The Genes of HSV.- 8. Mixed-Morphology Plaques.- 8.1. Infectious DNA and Marker Rescue.- 8.2. Thymidine Kinase.- 8.3. Intertypic Complementation and Recombination.- 9. Transformation.- 10. Latency.- 11. References.- 4 Genetics of Picornaviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Definition of a Picornavirus.- 3. The Schizon.- 4. Classification of Picornaviruses.- 5. Genetic Methods.- 5.1. Markers and Mutant Isolation.- 5.2. Covariant Reversion.- 5.3. Temperature-Shift Experiments.- 6. Interactions of Picornavirus Genomes.- 6.1. Genetic Recombination.- 6.2. Genetic Complementation.- 6.3. Genetic Reactivation.- 6.4. Phenotypic Mixing.- 6.5. Homologous Interference-with-Multiplication.- 6.6. Defective Interfering (DI) Particles.- 6.7. Homologous Interference-without-Multiplication.- 6.8. Heterologous Interference.- 6.9. Interferon.- 6.10. Implications for Gene Function.- 7. The Genetic Recombination Map of Picornaviruses.- 7.1. Obtaining a Map for Poliovirus.- 7.2. Properties of the Genetic Map of Poliovirus.- 7.3. Scale of the is Map of Poliovirus.- 7.4. The Genetic Map of Aphthovirus.- 8. Relation of Genetic Map to Gene Functions.- 8.1. The “Primary” Gene Functions of Poliovirus.- 8.2. The Secondary Gene Functions of Poliovirus.- 8.3. Host-Controlled Modification and Nonpermissive Cell Systems.- 8.4. Summary of Picornavirus Gene Functions.- 9. Relation of Genetic Map to Gene Products.- 9.1. Mode of Production of Picornavirus Polypeptides.- 9.2. Structural Proteins.- 9.3. Replicase Proteins.- 9.4. 5’ -3’ Orientation.- 9.5. Cleavage Pathways.- 9.6. Information from in Vitro Translation.- 9.7. Is Picornavirus RNA Comprised of Two Independent Translation Units?.- 9.8. Cleavage Enzymes.- 10. Sites of Action of Viral Growth Inhibitors.- 11. The Strategy of the Picornavirus Genome.- 11.1. Regulation Mechanisms.- 11.2. Genome Expression.- 11.3. The Growth Process as Indicated by Genetic and Other Studies.- 12. Conclusions.- 13. References.- 5 Genetics of Togaviruses.- 1. Review of the Structure and Replication of Group A Togaviruses.- 2. Types of Mutants.- 2.1. Plaque Morphology Mutants.- 2.2. Host Range Mutants.- 2.3. Mutants in Which the Stability of the Virion Is Altered.- 2.4. Mutants in Which the Morphology of the Virion Is Altered.- 2.5. Mutants with Reduced Virulence.- 2.6. Defective Interfering Mutants.- 2.7. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants.- 3. Interactions of Togavirus Mutants in Mixed Infections.- 3.1. Phenotypic Mixing.- 3.2. Recombination.- 3.3. Complementation.- 3.4. Interference.- 4. Physiological Defects in Temperature-Sensitive Mutants.- 4.1. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants with Defective or Altered Viral RNA Synthesis.- 4.2. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants with an Apparent Defect in the Assembly of Nucleocapsids.- 4.3. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants with Defects in Envelope Protein.- 4.4. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants and the Synthesis of Cellular Macromolecules.- 4.5. Virulence of ts Mutants.- 5. References.- 6 Genetics of Rhabdoviruses.- 1. Introduction: Some Relevant Biological Features of Rhabdoviruses.- 2. Coding Capacity of the Genome of Rhabdoviruses.- 3. Rhabdovirus Mutants.- 3.1. Phenotypes.- 3.2. Spontaneous Mutants.- 3.3. Induced Mutants.- 3.4. Techniques for Isolation of ts and hr Mutants.- 3.5. Isolation of tl Mutants.- 4. Absence of Recombination.- 5. Complementation.- 5.1. General Characteristics.- 5.2. Classification of ts Mutants into Complementation Groups.- 5.3. Interstrain Complementation.- 6. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants in the Analysis of Genome Function.- 6.1. Phenotype and Complementation Group.- 6.2. Phenotypic Characterization of the VSV Indiana Complementation Groups.- 6.3. Polymerase Mutants.- 6.4. Glycoprotein Mutants.- 6.5. A Nucleoprotein Mutant.- 6.6. Matrix Protein Mutants.- 7. Defectiveness.- 7.1. T Particles and ts Mutants.- 7.2. Physical Mapping of the Genome.- 8. Phenotypic Mixing and Pseudotypes.- 9. Host-Controlled Modification.- 10. Virulence and Persistent Infection.- 10.1. Role of T Particles.- 10.2. ts Mutants and Neurotropism.- 10.3. ts Mutants as Vaccines.- 10.4. Pathogenesis of Rabies Virus is Mutants in Mice.- 10.5. Mechanism of Cell Killing.- 11. Sigma Virus and Germinal Transmission.- 12. Future Prospects.- 13. References.- 7 Genetics of Reoviruses.- 1. Introduction: Structure and Replication of Reoviruses as They Relate to Genetics.- 2. Genetic Interactions.- 2.1. Conditional Lethal Temperature-Sensitive Mutants.- 2.2. Two-Factor Crosses.- 2.3. Three-Factor Crosses.- 2.4. Complementation.- 2.5. Nongenetic Variables.- 2.6. Multiplicity Reactivation.- 2.7. Deletion Mutants.- 3. Gene Function.- 3.1. Phenotype of Genetic Groups.- 3.2. Transcription.- 3.3. Replication.- 3.4. Translation.- 3.5. Assembly.- 3.6. Oligonucleotides.- 3.7. Specific Gene Lesions.- 4. Effect on Host.- 4.1. Virus-Cell Interaction.- 4.2. Role in Disease.- 5. References.- 8 Genetics of RNA Tumor Viruses.- 1. Introduction 341 1.1. Scope of This Chapter.- 1.2. A Synopsis of RNA Tumor Virus Infection.- 2. Basic Properties of the Virus Genome.- 2.1. The Virion Contains Cellular and Viral RNA.- 2.2. The Molecular Weight of the 60–70 S RNA Is About 6?8 × 106.- 2.3. The 60–70 S Complex Consists of Two 35 S RNA Molecules.- 2.4. The Genome of RNA Tumor Viruses Appears to Be Diploid.- 2.5. The 35 S RNAs of an RNA Tumor Virus Contain the Same Sequences in Fixed Order.- 2.6. The 60–70 S RNA Is an Inverted Dimer of 35 S RNAs Linked at the 5’ Ends.- 2.7. Summary and Conclusions.- 3. Nonconditional Mutants and Markers.- 3.1. Defective Viruses.- 3.2. Host Range Variants.- 3.3. Transformation Markers.- 4. Interactions between RNA Tumor Viruses.- 4.1. Complementation and Phenotypic Mixing.- 4.2. Recombination between RNA Tumor Viruses.- 5. Conditional Mutants.- 5.1. ts Mutants of Avian Sarcoma Viruses.- 5.2. Conditional Mutants of Murine Leukemia and Sarcoma Viruses.- 6. Biochemical Approaches to RNA Tumor Virus Genetics.- 6.1. RNA Tumor Virus Species: Genetic Relationships and Distribution among Various Hosts.- 6.2. Occurrence and Origin of src Sequences.- 6.3. The Genetic Map of Avian Sarcoma Viruses Probably Reads gag-pol-env-src-C-poly(A).- 7. Concluding Speculations.- 7.1. On Recombination.- 7.2. The Product of src.- 7.3. Interaction between Virus and Cell Genomes.- 7.4. Analysis of the Viral Genome and of Integration Sites with DNA Restriction Enzymes.- 8. References.- 9 Genetics and Paragenetic Phenomena of Paramyxoviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Properties Relevant to Genetic Analyses.- 2.1. Summary of Virus Structure and the Infectious Process.- 2.2. Identification and Synthesis of Viral Proteins.- 2.3. Identification and Synthesis of Viral RNA.- 2.4. Relationships among Viral Genomes, mRNAs, and Proteins.- 2.5. Properties of Virions and Infected Cells.- 3. Virus Populations.- 3.1. Adaptation and Selection in Culture.- 3.2. Growth of Stocks.- 3.3. Particle Size Variation.- 3.4. Host-Induced Modification.- 3.5. Distinctions between Genetically Different Populations.- 4. Origins of Mutants and Variants.- 4.1. Spontaneous vs. Mutagenized Isolates.- 4.2. Mutagens.- 5. Types of Mutants and Variants.- 5.1. Selection for Specifically Altered Properties.- 5.2. Plaque-Type Mutants and Variants.- 6. Genetic and Paragenetic Phenomena.- 6.1. Recombination.- 6.2. Phenotypic Mixing.- 6.3. Heterozygotes and Multiploid Particles.- 6.4. Multiplicity Reactivation.- 6.5. Defective or Incomplete Virus.- 7. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants.- 7.1. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of NDV.- 7.2. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of Sendai Virus.- 7.3. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of Measles Virus.- 7.4. Summary.- 8. Persistent Infection.- 8.1. Variants from Persistent Infection.- 8.2. Possible Involvement of DNA.- 8.3. Summary and Conclusions.- 9. Other Directions.- 10. References.- 10 Genetics of Orthomyxoviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Scope of This Chapter.- 1.2. Historical Perspective.- 1.3. Organization of This Chapter.- 2. Molecular Biology of the Genome.- 2.1. The Genome.- 2.2. Gene Products.- 2.3. Replication and Assembly.- 3. Virus Population.- 3.1. Plaque-Forming and Non-Plaque-Forming Particles.- 3.2. Interference.- 3.3. Genetic Dimorphism.- 3.4. Phenotypic Mixing.- 3.5. Genotypic Mixing.- 4. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants.- 4.1. Genetic Interactions.- 4.2. Isolation and Characterization.- 4.3. Variants.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. References.