Photovoltaics from Milliwatts to Gigawatts: Understanding Market and Technology Drivers Toward Terawatts

ISBN-13: 9781119130048 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 240 str.

Tim Bruton

Opis

Photovoltaics from Milliwatts to Gigawatts: Understanding Market and Technology Drivers toward Terawatts
Timothy Bruton, TMB Consulting, UK An essential guide through the rapid evolution of PV technology Photovoltaics from Milliwatts to Gigawatts: Understanding Market and Technology Drivers toward Terawatts covers the history of silicon based PV, from the earliest discoveries to present and future practice. Divided into 9 chapters, the book includes the following topics: Early History; The 1973 Oil crisis and the drive for alternative energies; The emergence in the 1980 s of the off grid PV market, the significant small scale PV consumer market and the establishment of a manufacturing industry; Advantages of silicon for solar cells; The evolution of PV installations; The history of the incentive programme for PV; Difficulties of alternative technologies in challenging silicon dominance; Current status of the silicon manufacturing technology and The future. Key features:

• An authoritative first–hand account of an emerging technology from laboratory to global significance for electricity generation by an industry expert.
• Provides a framework for policy makers on future trends in the PV industry.
• Examines the lessons learnt from the interaction of research laboratories, major industry and government.
• Signposts the route to future high efficiency silicon solar cells giving new researchers a background for further development.
• Highlights the critical success factors for the emerging alternative manufacturing technologies.

An essential PV guide aimed at researchers and students in electrical engineering and physical sciences through the rapid evolution of PV technology to commercial viability and the challenges ahead for increased performance, efficiency and global deployment.

Spis treści

PrefaceChapter 1 The Photovoltaics -the birth of a technology and its first application1.1 Introduction1.2 Sunlight and electricity1.2.1 The early Years1.2.2 The breakthrough to commercial photovoltaic cells.1.2.3 The hiatus1.2.4 The first successful market- Satellites1.3 Photovoltaics demonstrates success.1.3.1 First Commercial Operation1.3.2 Solar Cell Manufacturing1.4 Gallium Arsenide and III-V alloys for space.1.4.1. Single Junction GaAs solar cells1.4.2 Multi-junction Solar Cells for space.1.5 Summary1.6 ReferencesChapter 2 The Beginnings of a Terrestrial Photovoltaic Industry2.1 Introduction2.2 The 1973 Oil Crisis2.3 The Way Ahead for Terrestrial PV Technology.2.3.1 Basic Silicon PV manufacturing Process2.3.2 The Low Cost Silicon Solar Array Project (FPSA).2.3.2.1 Solar Grade Silicon2.3.2.2 Silicon Sheet Wafers and Ribbons2.3.2.3 High Efficiency Solar Cells2.3.2.4 Process development2.3.2.5 Engineering Sciences and Reliability.2.3.2.6 Module Encapsulation2.3.2.7 Cost Goals2.4 Rise of the USA PV Manufacturing Industry2.5 Developments in Europe2.5 Developments in Europe2.6 The transition in cell technology from space to terrestrial applications2.7 Alternatives to Silicon for Solar cells2.8 Summary2.9 ReferencesChapter 3 The Early PV global market and manufacturers3.1 Introduction3.2 Off Grid Professional Market3.2.1 Navigation aids.3.2.2 Microwave Repeater Stations3.2.3 Cathodic Protection3.2.4 Other Applications.3.2.5 Early Grid Connected application3.3. Off Grid social applications3.3.1 Solar Home systems3.3.2 Water Pumping3.2.3 Consumer Electronics3.4 Summary3.5 ReferencesChapter 4 Silicon Technology Development to 20104.1 Introduction4.2 Technologies supplying the global market.4.3 Advantages of silicon as a solar cell material.4.3.1 Availability4.3.2 Elemental semiconductor4.3.3. Non-toxic4.3.4 Self passivating oxide4.3.5 Synergy with global semiconductor industry.4.4 Silicon Solar Cell Design Features4.5 Silicon Solar cell manufacturing from 1980 to 1990.4.6 Developments in Manufacturing Technology4.6.1 Silicon Feedstock4.6.2 Crystallisation4.6.3 Wafering4.6.4 Anti-Reflection Coating (ARC)4.6.5 Solar Cell Development to 20004.6.5.1 Cz-Cell Development4.6.5.2 Multicrystalline Silicon Processing4.6.5.3 Integration of mono and multicrystalline silicon processes.4.6.5.4 Other process technology changes4.7 Module Technology4. 8 Summary4.9 ReferencesChapter 5 The Current Status of PV Systems5.1 Introduction5.2 The off-grid market5.3 The decentralised grid connected market.5.3.1 Research Phase 1974-19895.3.2 The Demonstration Phase 1989-20005.3.3 Decentralised Grid connected market 2000- 2019: The Commercial phase5.3.2.1 The achievement of grid parity5.3.2.2 Resolution of the silicon feedstock supply.5.4 Utility Scale Grid connected PV systems5.5 Novel applications5.6 Summary5.7 ReferencesChapter 6 History of incentives for PV6.1 The Chicken and egg problem6.2 Capital Subsidies on system purchase6.3 Feed-in-Tariffs.6.4 Power Purchase Agreements and other Incentives for large scale systems.6.5 Summary6.6 ReferencesChapter 7 Difficulties of Alternative Technologies to Silicon7.1 Introduction7.2 Sheet Silicon Processes.7.2.1 Direct crystallisation of silicon sheet.7.2.1.1 Westinghouse Dendritic Web7.2.1.2 Edge Defined Foil Growth (EFG)7.2.1.3 String Ribbon Technology7.2.2 Cast Silicon sheet7.2.2.1 Hoxan Casting process.7.2.2.2 Ribbon Growth on Substrate(RGS)7.2.2.3 Direct Wafer (TM)7.2.2.4 Lift Off wafer technology7.3 Thin film Solar Cell Technologies7.3.1 Copper Sulphide Solar Cells7.3.2 Amorphous Silicon7.3.3 Amorphous Silicon Manufacturing7.3.4 Manufacturing the amorphous silicon microcrystalline silicon tandem cell7.3.5 Thin film crystalline silicon7.3.6 Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS).7.3.6.1 CIGS Manufacturing7.3.7 Cadmium Telluride Technology7.3.7.1 Cadmium Telluride Commercial production.7.4 Dye sensitised Solar Cells (DSSC)7.5 Polymer (Organic) Solar Cells (OPV)7.6 Perovskite (PVK)Solar Cells7.7 Concentrator technology7.8 Summery7.9 ReferencesChapter 8 Current status of crystalline silicon manufacturing and future trends8.1 Introduction8.2 Approaches to high efficiency silicon solar cells on p type silicon wafers.8.2.1 Laser Grooved Buried Contact (LGBC) Solar Cells8.2.2 Selective Emitters8.2.3 PERL and PERC Solar Cells8.2.4 Industrial Manufacture of PERC Cells.8.2.5 Bifacial Module Technology8.2.6 Light Induced Degradation8.3 Solar cells with n type silicon8.3.1 Silicon Heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells8.3.2 Rear Junction Silicon Heterojunction solar cells (IBC-SHJ)8.3.3 N type IBC cells without amorphous silicon passivation8.4 The future of PV technology towards Terrawatts8.4.1 III-V Tandems on Silicon8.4.2 Silicon Tandems using perovskites8.5 Silicon Module Reliability8.6 Summary8.7 ReferencesChapter 9 The Lessons Learnt9.1 introduction9.2 Role of governments9.3 Role of the Research Community9.4 The role of manufacturing Industry in Europe and the USA9.5 Role of China as a PV manufacturing base.9.6 Potential for continues market growth9.7 Future Technology Development9.8 Final analysis9.9 ReferencesIndex

O autorze

TIM BRUTON graduated with a BSc in Physics and a PhD in Materials Science from Imperial College London. He has held a number of technical positions with multinational companies including Executive Director (Solar Research) at BP Solar from 1983 to 2003 mainly in crystalline silicon but also for thin film and OPV developments. Between 2003 and 2007, Tim led the PV group at NaREC where it carried out UK and European R&D projects and small scale manufacturing of custom solar cells. Since January 2008, He has worked as an independent consultant. Tim has published over 100 papers in the PV field and is managing co-editor of Wiley's Progress in Photovoltaics. He is an independent expert in PV for the European Commission and a Fellow of the Institute of Physics.