Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry: No. 8

ISBN-13: 9781461574422 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 347 str.

J. O. Bockris; B. E. Conway

Opis

This volume continues the development of the Modern Aspects series in the electrochemical field. The series is now 18 years old, and it is relevant to note the degree of evolution that electro- chemistry has undergone during this time, for it affects the character of the articles chosen. The trend is towards development of inter- disciplinary areas of electrochemical science, with full stress upon the many directions of applications of knowledge of electrode processes. The degree of import which should be attached to electro- chemical science arises from the changes in technology which must be made during the next few decades. These clearly involve a massive electrification and the gradual elimination of the present fossil fuel economy, for both ecological and economic reasons. Research on the fundamental aspects of the field-slow in development to a standard-must be promulgated, but its justification is the modern provisionofa basis for the needed future electrochemical technology. One vast area of potential application of electrochemical concepts is omitted by the present attitude. It is, of course, the electro biological aspect, perhaps, finally, the largest area of all for fruitful applications. These concepts are reflected in the editors' choice of chapters. Quantum mechanical descriptions of surfaces must be bravely faced. Oscillatory aspects of electrochemical systems are often met in nature and demand attention at a fundamental level. Organic electrochemistry is in an ascending phase. With the electro biological v Preface vi article, we hope to stimulate a beginning of electrodic applications in this area.

Spis treści

1 Quantum Chemical Treatment of Adsorbed Species.- I. Introduction.- 1. Relation of Adsorbed Species to Electrode Reactions.- 2. Theory of Electron Transfer.- 3. Quantum Effects on Electrodes.- II. Surface States of Crystals.- 1. Band Structure of Crystals.- 2. Surface States of Finite Crystals.- III. Adsorbed Species.- 1. Extension of Crystal L CAO Calculations to Adsorbed Species.- 2. Less Approximate Formalisms.- 3. Surface Compound Approximation.- 4. Perturbation Approaches.- References.- 2 Oscillatory Behavior in Electrochemical Systems.- I. Introduction.- II. Experimental Basis of Electrochemical Oscillations and Their Qualitative Interpretation.- 1. Anodic Processes Involving Metals.- 2. Anodic Oxidation of Nonmetallic Compounds.- 3. Oscillations in Cathodic Processes.- 4. Periodic Behavior in Nonaqueous Solutions.- 5. Electroosmotic Oscillations.- III. Models of Electrochemical Oscillators.- 1. Mathematical Fundamentals.- 2. Kinetic or “Chemical” Models.- 3. “Electrical” Models.- IV. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3 Methods and Mechanisms in Electroorganic Chemistry.- I. Introduction.- 1. Synthetic Applications of Electroorganic Chemistry..- 2. Mechanistic Applications of Electroorganic Chemistry.- 3. Mass Transport Considerations.- II. Methods of Investigating Organic Electrode Processes.- 1. Electrochemical Methods.- 2. Nonelectrochemical Methods.- III. Intermediates in Electroorganic Chemistry.- 1. Anion Radicals and Anions.- 2. Cation Radicals and Cations.- 3. Adsorption and Organic Electrode Processes.- IV. Types of Reaction.- 1. Substitution Reactions.- 2. Addition Reactions.- 3. Elimination Reactions.- 4. Cyclization Reactions.- 5. Ring Opening, Expansion or Contraction.- V. Stereospecificity in Electrode Processes.- 1. Substitution Reactions.- 2. Addition Reactions.- 3. Elimination Reactions.- 4. Cyclization.- 5. Ring Opening.- VI. Applications for Commercial Synthesis.- References.- 4 Electrochemical Processes at Biological Interfaces.- I. Biological Oxidations.- II. Are the Elements for Electrochemical Reactions Present in Biological Cells?.- 1. Electronic Conduction in Biological Materials.- 2. Electronic Conduction in Thin Lipid Films.- 3. Concluding Remarks.- III. Electrochemical Models of Biological Energy Conversion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Brief Historical Survey.- 3. The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis.- 4. Electrodic Phosphorylation.- 5. Summary.- IV. Electrochemical Reactions As Biological Regulators.- References.- 5 The Role of Electrochemistry in Environmental Control.- I. Introduction.- Basic Problems in the Use of Electrochemical Methods.- II. Survey of Individual Applications.- 1. Cathodic Processes.- 2. Anodic Processes.- 3. Other Applications of Anodic Oxidation.- 4. The Treatment of Gaseous Effluents.- 5. Electroflotation.- 6. The Role of Electrochemistry in Corrosion Protection.- Conclusions.- 1. Factors Influencing the Rate of Electrochemical Effluent Processes.- 2. Conditions of Mass Transport Control.- 3. Mass Transport under Diffusion Control.- 4. Mass Transport under Convective Control.- 5. Natural Convection.- 6. Conclusion.- References.