Man and Animals in Hot Environments

ISBN-13: 9781461393702 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 186 str.

D. L. Ingram; L. E. Mount

Opis

Die Naturwissenschaften; Edward Arnold Co.; Research in Veterinary Science; Ltd.; Farm Mechanization and Buildings; Springer Verlag; The Ciba Foundation Ltd.; Journal of Agricultural Science; Journal of The Institute of Biology; The Lancet; The Reproduction and Fertility; Lea and Febiger; Physiological Society (G. B.); The Royal Masson et Cie, Paris; MacMillan Publishing Society; University of Chicago Press; Uni Co., Inc.; National Academy of Science, versity of Rhodesia; Verhandlungen der U.S.; National Research Council of Canada; Deutschen Gesellschaft fur KreislautJorsch Nature, London; North Holland Publishing ung; Waverly Press; and W. B. Saunders. Co.; Oxford University Press; Pergamon Press; Physiology and Behavior; Poultry D. L. INGRAM Science Association; Reinhold Publishing L. E. MOUNT Contents Preface Chapter 1 The Thermal Eml'ironment 1 Hot, Thermally Neutral, and Cold Environments 1 Development of Climatic Physiology 3 Physical Principles Chapter 2 Heat Exchange between Animal and Environment 5 Metabolic Heat and Its Dissipation 5 Body Temperature 6 Poikilotherm and Homeotherm 7 Heat Flow 8 Sensible Heat Transfer 9 Evaporative Heat Transfer 16 Calorimetry 21 Chapter 3 Metabolic Rate, Thermal Insolation, and the Assessment of Environment 24 Metabolic Rate and Heat Loss at High Temperatures 24 Thermal Conductance and Insulation 27 Evaporative Heat Loss 31 The Assessment of Thermal Environment 34 Responses of Different Species to High Temperatures 37 Physiological Mechanisms Chapter 4 Evaporative Heat Loss 39 Evaporative Loss from the Respiratory Tract 39 ix x Contents Conservation of Water Loss from the Respiratory 40 Tract in a Hot Dry Climate

Spis treści

1 The Thermal Environment.- Hot, Thermally Neutral, and Cold Environments.- Development of Climatic Physiology.- Physical Principles.- 2 Heat Exchange between Animal and Environment.- Metabolic Heat and Its Dissipation.- Body Temperature.- Poikilotherm and Homeotherm.- Heat Flow.- Sensible Heat Transfer.- Evaporative Heat Transfer.- Calorimetry.- 3 Metabolic Rate, Thermal Insulation, and the Assessment of Environment.- Metabolic Rate and Heat Loss at High Temperatures.- Thermal Conductance and Insulation.- Evaporative Heat Loss.- The Assessment of Thermal Environment.- Responses of Different Species to High Temperatures.- Physiological Mechanisms.- 4 Evaporative Heat Loss.- Evaporative Loss from the Respiratory Tract.- Conservation of Water Loss from the Respiratory Tract in a Hot Dry Climate.- Increased Evaporative Heat Loss from the Respiratory Tract during Panting.- Efficiency of Panting.- Panting and Its Effect on Blood Gases.- Mechanisms that Control Panting.- Evaporative Loss from the Skin by Passive Transfer of Water.- Sweating.- Mechanisms that Control Sweating.- Behavioral Wetting of the Skin.- Effect of Humidity and the Capacity for Evaporative Heat Loss.- Evaporative Heat Loss in Invertebrates.- 5 The Cardiovascular System.- Effects of Environmental Temperature on Peripheral Blood Flow in Man.- Effects of Environmental Temperature on Peripheral Blood Flow in Animals Other than Man.- Blood Flow and Heat Loss.- Special Arrangements of Blood Vessels that Influence the Transfer of Heat.- Change in Vasomotor Tone of Resistance and Capacity Vessels.- Changes in Blood Flow with Changes in Posture.- Compensatory Changes in Vascular Beds.- Cardiac Output, Stroke Volume, and Pulse Rate.- Blood Pressure.- Blood Volume.- 6 Endocrine and Reproductive Systems.- The Thyroid Gland.- The Adrenal Gland.- Antidiuretic Hormone.- Reproduction.- 7 Behavior.- Avoidance of Adverse Conditions.- The Effect of Postural Changes.- Evaporative Heat Loss.- Effectiveness of Behavioral Patterns in Regulating Body Temperature.- Measurement of the Effects of Posture and Behavioral Patterns on Heat Loss.- Studies Involving a Choice of Environment by the Animal.- The Use of Operant Conditioning in the Investigation of Behavioral Thermoregulation.- Measuring the Demand for Heat by Operant Conditioning.- Control of Thermoregulatory Behavior.- Temperature Sensation in Man.- Lower Vertebrates.- 8 Thermosensitivity and the Thermoregulatory System.- Central Thermosensitive Cells.- Peripheral Thermosensitive Cells.- Central Effects of Peripheral Thermal Stimulation.- Thermosensitive Neurons in the Hypothalamus.- Thermosensitivity of Units Outside the Hypothalamus.- Neuron Models of Thermoregulation.- Local Injections into the Lateral Ventricles and the Hypothalamus.- Models of the Control System.- Adaptations to Hot Environments.- 9 Animals in Hot Environments.- Hot Regions.- Adaptation of Domestic Animals to Heat.- Dehydration.- Animal Productivity.- Desert Mammals.- Birds.- Poikilotherms.- 10 Man in Hot Environments.- Acclimatization to Heat.- Sweating.- Circulation.- Heat Stress.- Heat Tolerance.- Heat Disorders.- Thermal Comfort.- Clothing.- References.