Fibre Optic Communication Devices

ISBN-13: 9783642631245 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 465 str.

Norbert Grote; Herbert Venghaus

Opis

Modern communication technologies have revolutionized society and econ- omy on a global scale, and progress in this field is still breathtaking. Among the crucial features of these developments is the possibility to transmit/receive ever-increasing bit rates at lower and lower cost. This is due to some ex- tent to improved electronics, but it is much more due to the capabilities of opticaL fibre-based communication systems. Optical communication tech- nologies were initially introduced in order to improve traditional information exchange, but they have recently become a key prerequisite for the tremen- dous growth in internet traffic, and optical technologies will be even more important in enabling and supporting the future expansion of internet traffic with annual growth rates forecast at 100%-200%. It is the purpose of the present book to describe the enabling components of optical communication systems, in particular their fundamentals, principles and current status, as well as the potential for future developments. Following such a scheme, it is the editors' hope that this book will not only attract the attention of experts already working in the field, but be, at least, likewise directed to interested newcomers. The book is organized into eleven chapters addressing the essential optical and optoelectronic components which form the hardware basis of today's, and most likely of future, optical networks.

Recenzje

From the reviews of the first edition:

"Devices for use in optical communication systems have experienced a massive increase in attention over the past few years. ... The book is well presented, readable and adequately up-to-date, with the most recent references in the late 1990s, and at least mentions of most of the 'hot' topics that are currently exciting us. ... The very extensive list of references enhances the value of the book in that role, and for this reason alone it should find a place on many bookshelves." (Peter R. Selway, Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 12 (9), 2002)

Spis treści

1 Characteristics of Optical Communication Networks.- 1.1 Optical Network Issues.- 1.2 Long-Haul Networks.- 1.3 WDM Networking.- 1.4 Connection Patterns.- 1.5 Optical Network Protection.- 1.5.1 Protection Schemes.- 1.5.2 Ring Protection.- 1.6 Optical Network Elements.- 1.6.1 Optical WDM Terminal Multiplexer.- 1.6.2 Optical WDM Add/Drop Multiplexers.- 1.6.3 Optical WDM Cross-Connects.- References.- 2 The Optical Fibre.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Waveguiding Properties.- 2.2.1 Basic Concepts and Parameters.- 2.2.2 Basic Equations for the Step-Index Fibre.- 2.2.3 Graded-Index Fibres.- 2.3 Fibre Materials.- 2.3.1 Silicate Glasses.- 2.3.2 Plastics.- 2.4 Basic Optical Properties.- 2.4.1 Losses.- 2.4.2 Dispersion.- 2.4.3 Polarisation.- 2.5 Nonlinear Optical Properties.- 2.5.1 Stimulated Scattering Processes.- 2.5.2 Third-Order Nonlinear Parametric Processes.- 2.5.3 Photosensitivity.- 2.6 Pulse Propagation in Optical Fibres.- 2.6.1 Derivation of the Wave Equation for the Pulse Envelope.- 2.6.2 Solution of the Envelope Wave Equation: The Soliton.- References.- 3 Transmitters.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Theory.- 3.2.1 Rate Equations for Single-Mode Operation.- 3.2.2 Material Properties.- 3.2.3 Steady-State Characteristics.- 3.2.4 Small-Signal Modulation Characteristics.- 3.2.5 Noise Properties.- 3.3 Basic Design of Semiconductor Laser Structures.- 3.3.1 Concepts of Lateral Confinement.- 3.4 Single-Mode Laser Structures.- 3.4.1 Coupled-Mode Theory.- 3.4.2 Basic Properties of Index-Coupled DFB Lasers.- 3.4.3 Advanced DFB Laser Structures.- 3.4.4 Gain-Coupled Lasers.- 3.4.5 Modelling of DFB Lasers.- 3.5 Tunable Lasers.- 3.5.1 Extern al Cavity Laser (ECL).- 3.5.2 Thermal Tuning.- 3.5.3 Multisection DFB Laser.- 3.5.4 DBR Laser.- 3.5.5 Tunable Twin-Guide Laser (TTG).- 3.5.6 Codirectionally Coupled Lasers (CCL).- 3.5.7 Y-Laser.- 3.5.8 Superstructure Grating DBR Laser or Sampled Grating Laser (SSG-Laser).- 3.5.9 Bent-Waveguide DFB Laser (BWL).- References.- 4 Optical Photodetectors.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The PIN Photodiode.- 4.2.1 PIN Photodiode Operation.- 4.2.2 PIN Photodiode Characteristics.- 4.2.3 Edge-Illuminated PIN Photodiodes.- 4.2.4 Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Photodiodes.- 4.3 The Avalanche Photodiode (APD).- 4.3.1 Characteristics of APDs.- 4.3.2 APD Noise.- 4.3.3 Structures for Improved Noise Characteristics.- 4.4 Photodiodes.- 4.4.1 Silicon Photodiodes.- 4.4.2 InGaAs Photodiodes.- 4.5 Photoreceivers.- 4.5.1 Conventional Photoreceivers.- 4.5.2 Specific Photoreceivers.- 4.5.3 OEIC Photoreceivers.- 4.6 Conclusion.- References.- 5 Optical Amplifiers.- 5.1 Optical Fibre Amplifiers.- 5.1.1 Erbium-Doped Fibre Amplifiers.- 5.1.2 Other Fibre Amplifiers.- 5.2 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers.- 5.2.1 Optical Gain in Compound Semiconductor Materials.- 5.2.2 Basic Heterojunction Device Structure.- 5.2.3 Rate Equations, Saturation Behaviour, Noise Figure.- 5.2.4 Effect of Optical Reflections (Gain Ripple).- 5.2.5 Gain-Clamping.- 5.2.6 General Applications of Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers in Communication Systems.- 5.2.7 Digital Transmission Systems.- 5.2.8 WDM Systems.- 5.2.9 Analogue Transmission Systems.- 5.2.10 Other Applications.- References.- 6 Passive and Active Glass Integrated Optics Devices.- 6.1 General Introduction.- 6.2 Passive Power Splitters.- 6.2.1 Splitters and Their Basic Functions.- 6.2.2 Computing Waveguide Modes.- 6.2.3 Tapers and Branches.- 6.2.4 Bends.- 6.2.5 2 × 2 Splitters.- 6.2.6 P × N Star Couplers.- 6.2.7 Ion Exchange in Glass.- 6.2.8 Characterization Methods.- 6.2.9 Performance and Reliability of Commercial Devices.- 6.3 Integrated Optic Yb/Er Glass Amplifiers.- 6.3.1 Introduction.- 6.3.2 Rate Equations for Yb/Er Co-doping.- 6.3.3 Propagation Equations.- 6.3.4 The Power-Transfer Equation.- 6.3.5 Yb/Er Co-doping Enhances the Inversion.- 6.3.6 Effective Inversion Coefficients.- 6.3.7 Gain of a Co-doped Waveguide Section.- 6.3.8 Adverse Effects of High Rare-Earth Concentration.- 6.3.9 Technologies and Devices.- 6.4 Integrated Optic Er/Yb Laser Oscillators.- 6.4.1 Continuous Wave (CW) Operation.- 6.4.2 Experimental Soliton and Q-Switch Operation.- References.- 7 Wavelength-Selective Devices.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Device Specifications.- 7.3 Fabry-Perot Interferometer Filters.- 7.4 Dielectric Interference Filters.- 7.5 Fibre Gratings.- 7.6 Grating-based Demultiplexers.- 7.7 PHASAR-based Devices.- 7.7.1 Introduction.- 7.7.2 Principle of Operation.- 7.7.3 Technologies.- 7.7.4 Device Characteristics.- 7.7.5 Wavelength Routeing Properties.- 7.7.6 Multiwavelength Transmitters and Receivers.- 7.7.7 Multiwavelength Add-Drop Multiplexers and Crossconnects.- 7.8 Integrated Acousto-Optical Devices in LiNbO3.- 7.8.1 Introduction.- 7.8.2 Basic Building Blocks.- 7.8.3 Tunable Wavelength Filters.- 7.8.4 Wavelength-selective Switches and Add-Drop Multiplexers.- 7.8.5 Applications in WDM Systems.- 7.8.6 Outlook.- References.- 8 Optical Switching.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Applications.- 8.2.1 Optical Component Characterization and Testing.- 8.2.2 Test Access.- 8.2.3 Telecommunications.- 8.3 Technologies.- 8.3.1 Non-interferometric Switches.- 8.3.2 Interferometric Switches.- 8.4 Summary.- References.- 9 All-Optical Time-Division Multiplexing Technology.- 9.1 Role of All-Optical TDM Technology.- 9.2 Key Technologies for All-Optical TDM Systems.- 9.2.1 Ultrashort Optical Pulse Generation Technology.- 9.2.2 All-Optical MUX/DEMUX Technology.- 9.2.3 Optical Timing Extraction Technology.- 9.2.4 High-Speed Optical Waveform Measurement.- 9.3 Demonstration of OTDM and OTDM/WDM Transmission.- 9.3.1 100-400 Gbit/s OTDM Transmission Experiment.- 9.3.2 400 Gbit/s to 3 Tbit/s OTDM/WDM Transmission Experiments.- References.- 10 Optical Hybrid Integrated Circuits.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Key Technologies for Hybrid Integration.- 10.2.1 Platform for Hybrid Integration.- 10.2.2 Passive Alignment Technique.- 10.2.3 OE-device for Hybrid Integration.- 10.3 Contributions of Hybrid Integration to Optical Communication Technology.- 10.3.1 Application of Hybrid-Integration Technology.- 10.3.2 Optical Module for Fibre-optic Subscriber System.- 10.3.3 Optical Modules for WDM Applications.- 10.3.4 Optoelectronic Hybrid Modules for High-speed Applications.- 10.4 Future Prospects.- 10.5 Summary.- References.- 11 Monolithic Integration.- 11.1 Introductory Remarks.- 11.2 Waveguides.- 11.3 Integrated Spot-Size Converters.- 11.4 Monolithic Laser Integration.- 11.4.1 Vertical Laser-Waveguide Coupling.- 11.4.2 Laser-Waveguide Butt Coupling.- 11.4.3 Laser-HBT Integration.- 11.5 Integrated Receiver.- 11.6 Crosstalk.- 11.6.1 Electrical Crosstalk.- 11.6.2 Optical Crosstalk.- 11.6.3 Thermal Crosstalk.- 11.7 Current Status of Optoelectronic Integration.- 11.8 Outlook.- References.- Biographical Notes.

Blurb

The book covers all essential elements of current and next generation fibre optic networks, including many that are ignored in other books. The reader gains an in-depth understanding of the current and future capabilities of fibre optic communication networks. He can estimate what fibre optics has to provide and where its (current and long-term) limitations may lie. Optoelectronic devices and glass fibres are the basis of contemporary communication systems. The book deals with the various components of these systems such as lasers, amplifiers, modulation devices, converters, optical switches, filters, detectors, emitters, sensors and fibre transfer systems. A systematic evaluation of the state of the art in related technological research and the level reached in application is given.