Essentials of Industrial Pharmacy

ISBN-13: 9783030849795 / Angielski / Miękka / 2023

Opis

Essentials of Industrial Pharmacy is an attempt to comprehensively present, in a single book, various pharmaceutical processes and equipment that are frequently used for production of pharmaceutical dosage forms, along with quality control tests of these dosage forms. Pictorial/graphical illustrations provide easier understanding of complex pharmaceutical concepts, manufacturing processes of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Since it is imperative for pharmacy students to have a clear understanding of the basic concepts used in development of drugs into suitable and stable dosage forms.

This book offers a wealth of information regarding basic aspects of pharmaceutical processes and dosage forms, in a single book, for undergraduate pharmacy students or science students  (with no pharmacy background) intended to work in the pharmaceutical Industry.

Spis treści

Table of Contents

1 Drying

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Important Terms used in Drying Process

1.3 The Drying Curve

1.4 End Point Detection in Drying Process

1.5 Selection of Industrial Dryers

1.6 Classification of Dryers

1.6.1 Classification on the basis of mode of energy input

1.6.2 Classification on the basis of solid handling

1.7 Reference

2 Mixing

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Mixer Selection

2.3 Mixing of liquids

2.3.1 Batch type liquid mixing

2.4 Mixing of Solids and Semisolids

2.4.1 Principle of Solid Mixing

2.4.2 Degree of Mixing

2.4.3 Segregation of Powder (Demixing)

2.4.4 Mechanism of Solid Mixing

2.4.5 Factors affecting solid mixing

2.4.6 Equipments for Solid Mixing

2.4.7 Equipments for Mixing of Semi Solids

2.6 References

3 Comminution

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Importance of Particle Size

3.3 Mechanism of Size Reduction

3.4 Factors Affecting Size Reduction

3.5 Particle Size Distribution

3.6 Particle Size Analysis

3.6.1 Microscopy

3.6.2 Sieving

3.6.3 Sedimentation

3.6.4 Conductivity Method

3.7 Size Reduction of Powder

3.7.1 Cutter mill

3.7.2 Hammer mill

3.7.3 Ball mill

3.7.4 Oscillating granulator

3.7.5 Fluid Energy Mill

3.7.6 Fitz mill

3.8 Size Reduction of Pharmaceutical Dispersions

3.8.1 Agitators

3.8.2 Mechanical Mixers

3.8.4 Homogenizers

3.8.5 Ultrasonic Devices

3.9 Size Reduction in Semisolids

3.9.1 Agitators

3.9.2 Triple Roller mill

3.9.3 Vacuum Emulsifying Mixers

3.10 References

4 Filtration

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Factors Affecting Rate of Filtration

4.3 Mechanism of Filtration

4.3 Filter Media

4.4 Filter Aid

4.5 Filtration Devices

4.5.1 Filter Leaf Assembly

4.5.2 Filter Press

4.5.3 Disc Filter Assembly

4.5.4 Rotary Drum Filter Assembly

4.5.5 Bag Filter Assembly

4.5.6 Cartridge Filter Assembly

4.6 References

5 Pharmaceutical Packaging

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Properties of Pharmaceutical Packaging

5.3 Types of Packages

5.3.1 Primary Package

5.3.2 Secondary Package

5.3.3 Tertiary Package

5.4 Common Material for Pharmaceuticals Packaging

5.4.1 Metal

5.4.2 Glass

5.4.3 Plastic

5.5 Common Packaging Techniques

5.5 References

6 Oral Emulsion

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Types of Emulsions

6.3 Theory of Emulsification

6.4. Formulation Considerations of Emulsions

6.4.1 Emulsion Type

6.4.2 Volume of the Internal Phase

6.4.3 Droplet Size

6.4.4 Viscosity

6.4.5 Preservation

6.4.6 Type and Concentration of Emulsifying Agents

6.5 Emulsion Instability

6.5.1 Cracking

6.5.2 Creaming and Sedimentation

6.5.3 Phase Inversion

6.6 Excipients Used in Emulsion

6.7 Industrial Manufacturing of Emulsions

6.8 References

7 Oral Suspensions

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Dispersed Particles in a Medium

7.3 Formulation Considerations

7.3.1 Chemical Incompatibility

7.3.2 Particle size

7.3.3 Viscosity

7.3.4 Wetting

7.3.5 Mixing

7.3.6 Size reduction and Homogenization

7.3.7 Flocculation

7.3.8 Preservation

7.4 Industrial Scale Manufacturing of Suspension

7.4.1 Direct Incorporation Method

7.4.2 Precipitation Method

7.5 Stability Study of Pharmaceutical Suspensions

5.6 References

8 Tablets and Capsules

8.1 Tablet Dosage Form

8.1.1 Excipients used in Tablets

8.1.2 Techniques for Tablet Preparation

8.1.4 Tablet Compression Machines

8.1.5 Defects in Tablets and their Remedies

8.1.6 Tablet Coating

8.2 Capsule Dosage Form

8.2.1 Types of Capsules

8.3 References

9  Oral Inhalers

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Respiratory Tract

9.2.1 Macrostructure

9.2.2 Microstructure

9.3 Mechanism of Particle Deposition

9.3.1 Impaction

9.3.2 Sedimentation

9.3.3 Diffusion

9.4 Particle Engineering

9.5 Analysis of Aerodynamic Particle Properties

9.6 Devices

9.6.1 Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers

9.6.2 Dry Powder Inhalers

9.6.3 Soft Mist Inhaler (SMI)

9.6.4 Nebulizers

9.7 Choice of Inhaler

9.8 References

10 Topically Applied Products

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Structure of the Human Skin

10.3. Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery

10.3.1 Permeation Through the Skin

10.3.2 Dermal Drug Delivery (e.g., Ointments and Creams)

10.3.3 Transdermal Patches

10.3.4 Transdermal Microneedles

10.4 References

11 Sterile Products

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Parenteral Dosage Forms

11.2.1 Brief History of Parenterals

11.2.2 Types of Parenterals

11.2.3 Formulation Considerations for Parenterals

11.2.4 Manufacturing of Parenterals

11.2.5 Sterilization of Parenteral Formulations

11.3 Sterile Ophthalmic Preparations

11.3.1 Anatomy of Eye

11.3.2 Topical Ophthalmic Products

11.4 Environmental Control for Sterile Manufacturing

11.4.1 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning System (HVAC)

11.4.2 Classification of Cleanroom

11.4 References

12 Industrial Hazards

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Types of Industrial Hazards

12.2.1 Physical hazard

12.2.2 Chemical Hazards

12.2.3 Mechanical Hazard

12.2.4 Psychosocial Hazards

12.3 References

13 Modified Release Drug Delivery Systems

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Types of Modified Release Dosage Forms

13.2.1 Sustained Release Drug Delivery Systems

13.2.2. Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery Systems

13.3 References

14 Novel Drug Delivery System

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Targeted Drug Delivery

14.2.1 Passive Targeting

14.2.2 Active Targeting

14.3 Nanopharmaceuticals

14.3.1 Organic nanoparticles

14.3.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles

14.4 References

15 Polymer for Biomedical Applications

15.1 Introduction

15.2. Classification of Polymers

15.2.1 Biodegradable Polymers

15.2.2 Application of Biodegradable Polymers

15.3 References

16 Biotechnology Based Drugs

16.1 Introduction

16.2 DNA Replication

16.2.1 Transcription

16.2.2 Translation

16.3 Recombinant DNA Technology

16.3.1 DNA Transfer

16.3.2 DNA sources

16.3.3 Production by Recombinant DNA Technology

16.4 Specific DNA Techniques

16.4.1 PCR Technology

16.4.2 DNA Hybridization

16.4.3 DNA and Genome Sequencing

16.4.4 Cell Cultures

16.5 Protein Engineering

16.5.1 Post-Translational Engineering

16.5.2 Synthetic Biology

16.6 Gene Therapy

16.7 Protein Therapy

16.7.1 Oligonucleotides

16.7.2 Antisense/Ribozymes/EGS

16.7.3 Aptamers

16.8 Biological Drugs

16.8.1 Hematopoietic Growth Factors

16.8.2 Cytokines

16.8.3 Monoclonal antibodies

16.8.4 Vaccines

16.9 References

O autorze

Dr. Saeed Ahmad Khan is an Associate Professor at the Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Pakistan and previously a lecturer at the Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Pakistan. Dr. Saeed Khan graduated in Pharmacy from University of Peshawar, Pakistan. He subsequently joined Abbott Laboratories (Pakistan) Limited, where he worked in solid and liquid dosage form manufacturing sections. He was a supervisor at Parke-Davis & Co. Ltd., Karachi Pakistan, for pharmaceutical production and quality management. He earned his M.S. in Chemical Engineering from Daegu University, South Korea and obtained a DAAD scholarship to pursue a Ph.D. at the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Marc Schneider, at Philipps University Marburg, Germany, where he excelled.

He was awarded the prestigious FULBRIGHT fellowship for a one-year postdoc training under the supervision of Professor Robert O. Williams (Johnson & Johnson Centennial Chair in Pharmacy, Editor-in-Chief, AAPS PharmSciTech and Division Head) at Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Texas at Austin, USA. . He has published many peer reviewed articles in well reputed journals, has a patent and has presented sessions at international conferences.