Environmental Hygiene

ISBN-13: 9783642737688 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 214 str.

Norbert H. Seemayer; Wolfgang Hadnagy

Opis

Environmental pollution raises serious concern worldwide about effects on human health. Based on a recent meeting, this book focuses on diverse aspects of environmental hygiene, dealing with the evaluation of chemical and physical agents and their relevance to human health. To assess the toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of environmental pollutants, a variety of methodological approaches, both in vivo and in vitro, as tissue cultures, isolated organs and animal models, were developed and are described in detail. Data on human exposure, biological monitoring and epidemiological studies are also included. Problems of environmental control and legislation as well as possible provisional steps are discussed.

Spis treści

General Aspects of Environmental Pollution.- I. In Vitro Tests.- 1. Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity on Mammalian Cells.- Mechanisms of O3 and NO2 toxicity in lung cells in vitro.- A study on the biological effects of power station ash.- Induction of malignant transformation in hamster fetal cells (HFC) by diverse environmental carcinogens.- Biochemical and morphological studies on ozone and nitrogen dioxide treated cultured lung cells.- Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by asbestos fibres in combination with other mutagens studied in Chinese hamster cells in vitro.- Evaluation of genotoxic effects by environmental pollutants using cell culture systems.- Metabolic activation and cytotoxicity of airborne particulate matter.- Mutagens in surface and waste water.- Effects of benzene and other lysosomotropic agents on ultraviolet light induced photolysis of lysosomes in Herpesvirus infected cells.- Toxic and genotoxic effects of SO2 or NOX alone and in combination with carcinogenic N-nitrosamines.- Target organ cells as in vitro test systems for toxicity, mutagenicity, DNA-repair and transformation by environmental pollutants.- Indicators of potential health risks by airborne particulates: Cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on mammalian cells in vitro.- 2. Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity on Bacterial Cells.- Thiaarenes — their environmental occurrence and biological activity.- Heavy metals and polyaromatic compounds in suspended particulates of different emission sources and their mutagenicity.- Microbicidal effects of exhaust gases and their secondary products under field conditions.- 3.Specific Effects on Cell Functions.- Tumor promoter PMA and crosslinking of surface immunoglobulins induce superoxide production in Epstein-Barr-Virus-infected human B lymphocytes: a novel pathway for the production of potentially mutagenic species.- Strong effects of cytokines from quartz dust exposed human mononuclear cells on human mesenchymal cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.- In vitro effects of environmental pollutants on mediator release.- Alterations of chick embryo yolk sac blood vessels after application of environmental pollutants.- Use of bovine alveolar macrophages and of their lysosomes for in vitro studies with mineral dusts.- Neurotoxicology of heavy metals: Synaptic transmission as influenced by mono- and divalent metalcations.- II. Animal Models.- Effect of some metal ions (Cd++, Pb++, Mn++) on mediator release from mast cells in vivo and in vitro.- Investigations of the lung carcinogenic potentials of sodium dichromate and Cr Vl/lll oxide aerosols in Wistar rats.- Lung tumor risk estimates of inhaled cadmium.- Toxicity and carcinogenic risk after long-term inhalation of Cd-compounds in Wistar-rats.- Postnatal mouse heart and lung lysosome RNAase levels in response to air pollutants.- III. Biological Monitoring.- Formic-acid excretion in urine as a biological-monitoring-parameter in areas with different air pollution.- Exposure to cadmium of the West-German population.- Evaluation of alveolar burden of mineral fibres in cases of occupational and non occupational exposure to asbestos.- Changes of biochemical parameters following short-term exposure to aircraft-noise.- Deposition and short-term clearance of aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract.- Factors influencing cadmium and lead concentrations in hair of children.- IV. Epidemiology.- Cytogenetic findings in styrene workers in relation to exposure.- Influence of air pollution to to respiratory diseases in infancy.- Toxicopy — a basic mechanism to cope with environmental threats.- Odour caused mass illness around a plant producing quartz and feldspar by flotation.- Growth and bone maturation of children living in areas with different degrees of air pollution: A repeated study.- Chromosome aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of persons present in the vicinity of Chernobyl during and after the reactor accident.- Dispositions prophylaxis for children from air polluted areas.- V. Environmental Control and Legislation.- Source apportionment of heavy metals in air particulate matter using automated electron probe micro analysis.- New aspects to define air quality guidelines for carcinogenic substances in the Federal Republic of Germany.- Principles and methods for control of air pollution in health resorts.- On the emission of fibrous particles from corroded asbestoscement products.- Environmental and health control — role of metal resistance in bacteria.