1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Energy Conversion and Storage: A Global Challenge1.2 Development history of electrochemical energy storage1.3 Classification of electrochemical energy storage1.4 LIBs and ECs: an appropriate electrochemical energy storage1.5 Summary and Outlook2 MATERIALS AND FABRICATION2.2 Mechanisms and advantages of ECs2.2.1 Categories2.3 Roadmap of conventional materials for LIBs2.4 Typical positive materials for LIBs2.5 Typical negative materials for LIBs2.6 New materials for LIBs2.7 Materials for conventional ECs2.8 Electrolytes and separators2.9 Evaluation methods2.10 Production processes for the fabrication2.11 Perspectives3 FLEXIBLE CELLS: THEORY AND CHARACTERIZATIONS3.1 Limitations of the conventional cells3.2 Mechanical process for bendable cells3.3 Mechanics of stretchable cells3.4 Static electrochemical performance of flexible cells3.5 Dynamic performance of flexible cells3.6 Summary and perspectives4 Flexible Cells: Materials and Fabrication Technologies4.1 Construction principles of flexible cells4.2 Substrate materials for flexible cells4.3 Active materials for flexible cells4.3.1 CNTs4.4 Electrolytes for flexible LIBs4.5 Electrolytes for flexible ECs4.6 Nonconductive substrates based flexible cells4.7 CNT and graphene based flexible cells4.8 Construction of stretchable cells by novel architectures4.9 Conclusion and Perspectives5 ARCHITECTURES DESIGN FOR CELLs WITH HIGH ENERGY DENSITY5.1 Strategies for high energy density cells5.2 Gravimetric and volumetric energy density of electrodes5.3 Classification of thick electrodes: bulk and foam electrodes5.4 Design and fabrication of bulk electrodes5.5 Characterization and numerical simulation of tortuosity5.6 Fabrication methods for bulk electrodes5.7 Thick electrodes with random pore structure5.8 Thick electrodes with directional pore distribution5.9 Carbon based foam electrodes with high gravimetric energy density5.10 Carbon based thick electrodes5.11 Thick electrodes based on the conductive polymer gels5.12 Summary and Perspectives6 MINIATURIZED CELLS6.1 Introduction6.2 Evaluation methods for the miniaturized cells6.3 Architectures of various miniaturized cells6.4 Materials for the miniaturized cells6.5 Fabrication technologies for miniaturized cells6.6 Fabrication technologies for 2D interdigitated cells6.7 Printing technologies for 2D interdigitated cells6.8 Electrochemical deposition method for 2D interdigitated cells6.9 Laser scribing for 2D interdigitated cells6.10 In-situ electrode conversion for 2D interdigitated cells6.11 Fabrication technologies for 3D in-plane miniaturized cells6.12 Fabrication of miniaturized cells with 3D stacked configuration6.13 Integrated systems6.14 Summary and perspectives7 SMART CELLS7.1 Definition of smart materials and cells7.2 Type of smart materials7.3 Construction of smart cells7.4 Application of shape-memory materials in LIBs and ECs7.5 Self-heating and self-monitoring designs7.6 Integrated electrochromic architectures for energy storage7.7 Summary and perspectives
Feng Li is Professor in the Institute of Metal Research at Chinese Academy of Science, China. After completed his PhD, he stayed at Institute of Metal Research and continued with his research on novel carbon-based materials for energy applications, such as lithium ion batteries, lithium sulfur batteries, electrochemical capacitors and new concept devices. He has published more than 200 peer-reviewed articles. He received the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars by National Foundation of Science, China. Lei Wen is Associate Professor in the Institute of Metal Research at Chinese Academy of Science, China. After his PhD from Northeastern University, China, he worked as a postdoctoral researcher at Peking University, China. He joined the Institute of Metal Research in 2006 and his research focuses on materials for electrochemical energy storage devices. He has published more than 50 peer-reviewed articles. Hui-Ming Cheng is Professor in the Institute of Metal Research at Chinese Academy of Science, China. After his PhD from Institute of Metal Research, he worked at AIST-Kyushu and Nagasaki University, Japan, and then joined the Institute of Metal Research in 1993. His research focuses on low-dimensional materials for energy applications and he has published more than 580 peer-reviewed articles. He was elected as an academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013. He also won several awards including National Natural Science Award in 2006, the Charles E. Pettinos Award from American Carbon Society in 2010 and Utz-Hellmuth Felcht Award from SGL Group - The Carbon Company in 2015.