Electro-Enzymology Coenzyme Regeneration

ISBN-13: 9783642731266 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 166 str.

Kozo Nakamura; Masuo Aizawa; Osato Miyawaki

Opis

Electro-enzymology and coenzyme regeneration are the subjects of this volume which are related to such important areas as enzymatic transformation, synthesis, analysis, biosensor, energy conversion etc. Electro-enzymology is an interdisciplinary field resulting from the fusion of electrochemistry and enzymology. Coenzyme regeneration is one of the most important key techniques for the future development in bioreactors. This book contains most of the new topics in these fields including the authors' original works such as bioelectrocatalysis with electroconductive membrane, electrochemical immunoassay, affinity chromatographic reactors etc. This book can also be considered as a comprehensive bibliographic review, which will provide the reader with a good bird's-eye view. The fundamental aspects followed by the applications are written in each chapter. This style of writing will help the reader to understand the subjects in electro-enzymology and coenzyme regeneration.

Spis treści

1 Electro-enzymology.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Electrochemical Characterization of Enzymes and Coenzymes.- 1.2.1 Redox Potentials.- 1.2.1.1 Definition and Methodology.- 1.2.1.2 Redox Potentials and Stoichiometry of Electron Transfer in Biological Electron Transports.- 1.2.2 Electrochemical Reactions of Enzymes and Coenzymes.- 1.2.2.1 NAD(P)+ and NAD(P)H.- 1.2.2.2 FAD and FMN.- 1.2.2.3 Flavoenzymes.- 1.2.2.4 Heme Proteins.- 1.2.2.5 Iron-Sulfur Protein.- 1.2.2.6 Disulfide Bonds in Peptides and Proteins.- 1.3 Electrochemical Processes Coupled with Enzyme Reaction.- 1.3.1 Bioelectrocatalysis.- 1.3.1.1 Modified Electrodes for Direct Electron Transfer of Enzymes.- 1.3.1.2 Electrode-Bound Enzymes.- 1.3.2 Electrochemical Regeneration of Coenzymes.- 1.3.3 Electric Control of Enzyme Activity.- 1.3.3.1 Photocontrol of Enzyme Activity.- 1.3.3.2 Electric Field Control of Enzyme Activity.- 1.3.3.3 Temperature Control of Enzyme Activity.- 1.3.3.4 Conductive Enzyme Membrane.- 1.3.3.5 Electrochemical Control of Enzyme Activity.- 1.4 Electroanalytical Application of Enzymes.- 1.4.1 Electrochemical Enzymatic Assay.- 1.4.1.1 Potentiometric Determination of Enzyme Activity.- 1.4.1.2 Amperometric Enzyme Assay.- 1.4.2 Electrochemical Immunoassay.- 1.4.3 Enzyme Sensors.- 1.5 Bioelectrochemical Energy Conversion.- 1.5.1 Bioelectrochemical Photoenergy Conversion.- 1.5.1.1 Architecture of Energy-Transducing Biomembrane.- 1.5.1.2 Molecular Organization of Photoenergy-Transducing Synthetic Membranes.- 1.5.1.3 Methodology of Energy-Transducing Membrane Formation.- 1.5.1.4 Photoenergy Transduction.- 1.5.1.5 Photoenergy Transduction with Chloroplast Containing Electrodes.- 1.5.1.6 Photo-Generation of Hydrogen Coupled with a Fuel Cell.- 1.5.2 Enzyme Fuel Cell.- 1.5.2.1 Historical Background.- 1.5.2.2 Product Cells.- 1.5.2.3 Regenerative Cells.- References.- 2 Coenzyme Regeneration.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Methods for Coenzyme Regeneration.- 2.2.1 Reduced Form of Pyridine Nucleotides (NADH, NADPH).- 2.2.2 Oxidized Form of Pyridine Nucleotides (NAD+,NADP+).- 2.2.3 Adenosine 5’-Triphosphate (ATP).- 2.3 Enzyme Processes with Coenzyme Cycling.- 2.3.1 Process with Regeneration of NAD(P)H.- 2.3.1.1 Hydroxy Acids.- 2.3.1.2 Alcohols.- 2.3.1.3 Amino Acids.- 2.3.1.4 Isotope-Labeled Compounds.- 2.3.1.5 Pharmaceuticals and Others.- 2.3.2 Process with Regeneration of NAD(P)+.- 2.3.3 Process with Regeneration of ATP.- 2.3.4 Coenzyme Cycling in Analytical Use.- 2.3.4.1 Coenzyme Cycling as a Device for Chemical Amplification.- 2.3.4.2 Coenzyme Cycling for the Reduction of the Necessary Amount of Coenzyme.- 2.4 Chemically Modified Coenzymes.- 2.4.1 Chemically Modified NAD.- 2.4.2 Chemically Modified NADP.- 2.4.3 Chemically Modified ATP and Others.- 2.5 Bioreactor System with Continuous Coenzyme Cycling.- 2.5.1 Reactor System Design.- 2.5.2 Reactor Kinetics.- 2.5.3 Affinity Chromatographic Reactor.- 2.6 Concluding Remarks.- 2.7 Abbreviations.- References.