Chemistry in Alternative Reaction Media

ISBN-13: 9780471498490 / Angielski / Miękka / 2003 / 272 str.

Paul Dyson; Stewart Tavener; David Adams

Opis

At a time when environmental concerns are increasing, it's important that chemical processes are as environmentally friendly as possible. This book outlines various methods for producing inorganic and organic solvents without the use of traditional solvents that can have detrimental effects on the environment.

• This is the first book to give extensive and exclusive coverage to the topic
• Includes important environmental issues

This book will appeal to anyone with an interest in organic synthesis; reaction chemistry; catalysis; and process development, and to undergraduate and graduate students of organic chemistry; catalysis; green chemistry; clean technology and environmental chemistry courses.

Recenzje

" a convenient and effective book giving a good introduction to the possibilities and problems of new reaction media " ( Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2004/43)

"...a well–written and timely piece of work for any scientists and engineers who work with solvents...and will be a valuable addition to their bookshelves." (Energy Sources, Vol. 26, 2004)

"...well written and easy to read, very useful for a student audience...will introduce the subject to a wider audience..." (Organic Process Research & Development, Dec 2003)

Spis treści

Preface.

Abbreviations and Acronyms.

1 Chemistry in Alternative Reaction Media.

1.1 Economic and Political Considerations.

1.2 Why Do Things Dissolve?

1.3 Solvent Properties and Solvent Classification.

1.3.1 Density.

1.3.2 Mass Transport.

1.3.3 Boiling Point, Melting Point and Volatility.

1.3.4 Solvents as Heat–Transfer Media.

1.3.5 Cohesive Pressure, Internal Pressure, and Solubility Parameter.

1.4 Solvent Polarity.

1.4.1 Dipole Moment and Dispersive Forces.

1.4.2 Dielectric Constant.

1.4.3 Electron Pair Donor and Acceptor Numbers.

1.4.4 Empirical Polarity Scales.

1.4.5 ENT and E_T(30) Parameters.

1.4.6 Kamlet Taft Parameters.

1.4.7 Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD) and Hydrogen Bond Acceptor (HBA) Solvents.

1.5 The Effect of Solvent Polarity on Chemical Systems.

1.5.1 The Effect of Solvent Polarity on Chemical Reactions.

1.5.2 The Effect of Solvent Polarity on Equilibria.

1.6 W hat is Required from Alternative Solvent Strategies?

References.

2 Multiphasic Solvent Systems.

2.1 An Introduction to Multiphasic Chemistry.

2.1.1 The Traditional Biphasic Approach.

2.1.2 Temperature Dependent Solvent Systems.

2.1.3 Single– to Two–Phase Systems.

2.1.4 Multiphasic Systems.

2.2 Solvent Combinations.

2.2.1 Water.

2.2.2 Fluorous Solvents.

2.2.3 Ionic Liquids.

2.2.4 Supercritical Fluids and Other Solvent Combinations.

2.3 Benefits and Problems Associated with Multiphasic Systems.

2.3.1 Partially Miscible Liquids.

2.4 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions.

2.4.1 Rate is Independent of Stoichiometry.

2.4.2 Rate is Determined by the Probability of Reactants Meeting.

2.4.3 Rate is Measured by the Concentration of the Reagents.

2.4.4 Catalysed Systems.

2.5 Kinetics of Biphasic Reactions.

2.5.1 The Concentration of Reactants in Each Phase is Affected by Diffusion.

2.5.2 The Concentration of the Reactants and Products in the Reacting Phase is Determined by Their Partition Coefficients.

2.5.3 The Partition Coefficients of the Reactants and Products May Alter the Position of the Equilibrium.

2.5.4 Effect of Diffusion on Rate.

2.5.5 Determining the Rate of a Reaction in a Biphasic System.

2.6 Conclusions.

References.

3 Reactions in Fluorous Media.

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Properties of Perfluorinated Solvents.

3.3 Designing Molecules for Fluorous Compatibility.

3.4 Probing the Effect of Perfluoroalkylation on Ligand Properties.

3.5 Partition Coefficients.

3.6 Liquid Liquid Extractions.

3.7 Solid Separations.

3.8 Conclusions.

References.

4 Ionic Liquids.

4.1 Introduction.

4.1.1 The Cations and Anions.

4.1.2 Synthesis of Ionic Liquids.

4.2 Physical Properties of Ionic Liquids.

4.3 Benefits and Problems Associated with Using Ionic Liquids in Synthesis.

4.4 Catalyst Design.

4.5 Conclusions.

References.

5 Reactions in Water.

5.1 The Structure and Properties of Water.

5.1.1 The Structure of Water.

5.1.2 Near–Critical Water.

5.1.3 The Hydrophobic Effect.

5.1.4 The Salt Effect.

5.2 The Benefits and Problems Associated with Using Water in Chemical Synthesis.

5.3 Organometallic Reactions in Water.

5.4 Aqueous Biphasic Catalysis.

5.4.1 Ligands for Aqueous Organic Biphasic Catalysis.

5.5 Phase Transfer Catalysis.

5.5.1 The Transfer of Nucleophiles into Organic Solvents.

5.5.2 Mechanisms of Nucleophilic Substitutions Under Phase Transfer Conditions.

5.5.3 The Rates of Phase Transfer Reactions.

5.5.4 Using Inorganic Reagents in Organic Reactions.

5.6 Organometallic Catalysis under Phase Transfer Conditions.

5.7 Triphase Catalysis.

5.7.1 Mixing Efficiency in Solid Liquid Reactions.

5.8 Conclusions.

References.

6 Supercritical Fluids.

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Physical Properties.

6.3 Local Density Augmentation.

6.4 Supercritical Fluids as Replacement Solvents.

6.5 Reactor Design.

6.6 Spectroscopic Analysis of Supercritical Media.

6.6.1 Vibrational Spectroscopy.

6.6.2 NMR Spectroscopy.

6.7 Reactions in Supercritical Media.

6.8 Conclusions.

References.

7 Diels Alder Reactions in Alternative Media.

7.1 Diels Alder Reactions in Water.

7.2 Diels Alder Reactions in Perfluorinated Solvents.

7.3 Diels Alder Reactions in Ionic Liquids.

7.4 Diels Alder Reactions in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide.

7.5 Conclusions.

References.

8 Hydrogenation and Hydroformylation Reactions in Alternative Solvents.

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Hydrogenation of Simple Alkenes and Arenes.

8.2.1 Hydrogenation in Water.

8.2.2 Hydrogenation in Ionic Liquids.

8.2.3 Hydrogenation in Fluorous Solvents.

8.2.4 Hydrogenation in Supercritical Fluids.

8.3 Hydroformylation Reactions in Alternative Media.

8.3.1 Hydroformylation in Water.

8.3.2 Hydroformylation in Ionic Liquids.

8.3.3 Hydroformylation in Fluorous Solvents.

8.3.4 Hydroformylation in Supercritical Fluids.

8.4 Conclusions.

References.

9 FromAlkanestoCO₂: Oxidation in Alternative Reaction Media.

9.1 Oxidation of Alkanes.

9.2 Oxidation of Alkenes.

9.3 Oxidation of Alcohols.

9.4 Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones.

9.5 Destructive Oxidation.

9.6 Conclusions.

References.

10 Carbon Carbon Bond Formation, Metathesis and Polymerization.

10.1 Carbon Carbon Coupling Reactions.

10.1.1 Heck Coupling Reactions.

10.1.2 Suzuki Coupling Reactions.

10.1.3 Reactions Involving the Formation of C=C Double Bonds.

10.2 Metathesis Reactions.

10.2.1 Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization.

10.2.2 Ring Closing Metathesis.

10.3 Polymerization Reactions in Alternative Reaction Media.

10.3.1 Polymerization Reactions in Water.

10.3.2 Polymerization Reactions in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide.

10.3.3 Polymerization in Fluorous Solvents.

10.4 Conclusions.

References.

11 Alternative Reaction Media in Industrial Processes.

11.1 Obstacles and Opportunities for Alternative Media.

11.2 Reactor Considerations for Alternative Media.

11.2.1 Batch Reactors.

11.2.2 Flow Reactors.

11.2.3 New Technology Suitable for Multiphasic Reactions.

11.3 Industrial Applications of Alternative Solvent Systems.

11.3.1 The Development of the First Aqueous Organic Biphasic Hydroformylation Plant.

11.3.2 Other Examples of Processes Using Water as a Solvent.

11.3.3 Scale–Up of PTC Systems.

11.3.4 Thomas Swan Supercritical Fluid Plant.

11.3.5 Other Applications of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide.

11.4 Outlook for Fluorous Solvents and Ionic Liquids.

11.5 Conclusions.

References.

Index.

Blurb

The use of organic solvents and their emissions has been at the centre of major environmental concern in recent years, and there is currently a great deal of interest in finding alternatives to halogenated and volatile organic solvents for synthesis.

Chemistry in Alternative Reaction Media explores why solvents are used and the problems associated with them. It describes the state–of–the art in solvent replacement technologies. Supercritical fluids, biphasic reactions, ionic and fluorous liquids, and aqueous chemistry are brought together in a single textbook, which explains how they may be used to increase reaction efficiency, improve separation and catalyst recovery, and reduce emissions to the environment.

As well as describing the principles behind these methods, and the environmental, economic and chemical advantages that these alternatives can bring, numerous examples of applications are given including most major reaction types, and consideration is given to potential scale–up and industrial use.

This book will appeal to anyone with an interest in organic synthesis; reaction chemistry; catalysis; and process development, and to undergraduate and graduate students of organic chemistry; catalysis; green chemistry; clean technology and environmental chemistry courses.