British Cardiology in the 20th Century

ISBN-13: 9781447111993 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 390 str.

Mark E. Silverman; Peter R. Fleming; Arthur Hollman

Opis

Cardiology as a medical specialty originated in the 20th century and Britain played an important role in its development. British Cardiology in the 20th Century provides the first comprehensive account of the British contributions to this exciting field as well as the interesting story of many of the people and institutions who were involved. Many of the key changes in the understanding of the physiology of the heart and their clinical implications were discovered by these individuals.
This book will be of great interest to clinicians, students, and medical historians who wish to gain a historical understanding and appreciation of this dynamic clinical discipline that has improved the health and prognosis for so many.

Spis treści

1 British Cardiology 1900–50.- Heart failure.- Cardiac arrhythmias.- Conduction defects.- Electrocardiography.- Ischaemic heart disease.- Angina.- Myocardial infarction.- Chronic rheumatic heart disease.- Infections of the heart.- Hypertensive heart disease.- Pulmonary heart disease.- Congenital heart disease.- Da Costa’s syndrome and related conditions.- The Development of the Speciality.- 2 The Second World War and the NHS — the Framework for the Development of Cardiology.- Hospitals and specialists before the war.- Planning for district hospitals.- Speciality development.- Development of cardiology and cardiac surgery.- NHS organisation and specialist services.- London issues.- Equity, cost, and quality.- 3 The Training, Number, and Distribution of Cardiologists.- Training within the NHS.- of formal training.- Regulating numbers.- Growth and geographical distribution.- The Organisations Involved in the Growth of Cardiology.- 4 Societies, Journals, and Books.- The Cardiac Club.- The British Cardiac Society.- Other British cardiology organisations.- Journals and books.- 5 The British Heart Foundation.- Founding committee.- Statement of purpose.- Fundraising.- Governance.- The medical department.- Research.- Professorial chairs.- Education.- Cardiac care.- 6 Part I. The National Heart Hospital: The First of its Kind.- London hospitals prior to special hospitals.- The rise of special hospitals.- Special hospitals gain recognition.- The origins of the National Heart Hospital.- The Dr Eldridge Spratt melodrama.- The hospital gains sound footing and respect.- The Second World War period.- The National Heart Hospital and Institute of Cardiology.- Cardiac catheterization and cardiovascular surgery.- Closure and rebirth of the Heart Hospital.- Acknowledgements.- II. The Institute of Cardiology and the National Heart and Lung Institute.- Formation of special institutes for postgraduate education.- National Heart Hospital.- Institute of Cardiology.- Formation of the National Heart and Lung Institute.- 7 The Hammersmith Hospital and the Royal Postgraduate Medical School.- Foundation.- Voluntary hospitals and research.- The Hammersmith model.- Cardiac catheterisation.- The Second World War.- Cardiac surgery.- Further research.- Diagnosis and Treatment in Cardiology.- 8 Bedside Diagnosis.- Principles of examination.- Development of the phonocardiogram.- Studies on identifying components of the second heart sound.- Studies on components and intensity of the first heart sound.- Studies on early systolic sounds.- 9 The Chest X Ray in Cardiac Diagnosis, 1930–60.- Early use of the chest x ray.- Improvement in radiological methods.- First techniques.- Cardiac enlargement and the pulmonary blood vessels.- Heart failure.- Cardiac catheterisation helps interpretation.- Investigating pulmonary blood flow and oedema.- Pulmonary hypertension.- 10 Electrocardiography, Electrophysiology, and Arrhythmias.- Electrocardiography.- Intracardiac electrocardiography.- Developments in surface electrocardiography.- Antiarrhythmic therapy.- 11 Cardiac Catheterisation.- Early work.- The Paul Wood era.- Work in the 1960s and 1970s.- Angioplasty.- 12 Nuclear Medicine and Cardiology.- The MRC medical cyclotron unit.- Cardiac imaging.- New tracers.- Emission tomography.- British Nuclear Cardiology Society.- Cost-benefit analysis of scintigraphy.- 13 Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.- Early days of imaging.- CORDA.- Brompton Magnetic Resonance Unit.- Magnetic resonance spectroscopy.- Coronary and myocardial perfusion imaging.- Specialist societies.- 14 The Development of Cardiac Ultrasound.- Beginnings.- Developments in the 1970s and 1980s.- Importance in paediatric cardiology.- Transoesophageal echo.- Ultrasound’s role in cardiology.- The next millennium.- 15 Prevention of Heart Disease.- Rheumatic heart disease.- Coronary heart disease.- Epidemiological studies.- Prevention.- Decreasing mortality from coronary heart disease.- Hypertension.- 16 Cardiac Surgery.- Back to the beginning.- Closing in on the heart.- Specialisation develops.- Next wave of valvular surgery.- Disseminating information.- Impact of hypothermia and stopping the circulation.- Further developments in valve surgery.- Transplantation.- Coronary artery surgery.- Issues of conflict and quality.- 17 Cardiac Pacing.- Early Days of Pacing at St George’s Hospital.- From St George’s to the National Heart Hospital.- Recollections of Pacing from a Regional Centre.- 18 Cardiac Rehabilitation.- Moving on from bed rest.- Cardiac rehabilitation as a developing speciality.- Cardiology and rehabilitation.- Psychosocial factors in cardiac rehabilitation.- Safety and effectiveness of rehabilitation services.- Expansion of services.- Reviewing service provision.- Consumer involvement.- Where are we now?.- 19 Clinical Trials.- Prevention and treatment of thrombosis.- ? adrenergic blocking drugs, calcium antagonists, nitrates, and magnesium in and after myocardial infarction.- Hypertension.- Heart failure.- The coronary care unit.- Coronary artery bypass surgery and angioplasty.- Lifestyle, diet, and lipid modifying drugs.- Methodology of randomised clinical trials.- Selected Cardiac Disorders.- 20 Cardiovascular Pathology.- Morphology.- Academic pathology.- Atherosclerosis research.- Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis.- Reginald Hudson.- Cardiovascular pathology in the 1990s.- 21 Paediatric Cardiology.- Pioneers and pioneering procedures.- Establishing paediatric cardiac units.- Establishment of consultant posts.- Professional associations.- Development of a paediatric cardiac service.- Academic units.- Conclusions and prospects.- 22 Grown Up Congenital Heart (GUCH) Services for Adolescents and Adults.- Development of paediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery.- Establishing a service.- Other aspects of GUCH.- GUCH information and services across the world.- 23 Rheumatic Fever.- History.- Murmurs.- Cardiac dilatation.- Chorea.- Aetiology.- Changing prevalence.- Canadian Red Cross Memorial Hospital, Taplow.- Treating rheumatic fever.- Remaining problems.- 24 Valvular Disease, Endocarditis, and Cardiomyopathy.- Valvular heart disease in Britain.- Infective endocarditis.- Cardiomyopathy.- 25 Hypertension.- Work of Pickering.- Battle of the knights.- Epidemiological studies.- Benign and malignant hypertension.- Early drug treatments.- Trial ethics.- Research at the Hammersmith in the 1950s and 1960s.- ? blockers.- MRC trial of drug treatment in mild hypertension.- Role of meta-analysis.- 26 Atherosclerosis Research after the Second World War.- Early post war history.- Increasing incidence of coronary heart disease.- Risk factors.- The arterial wall.- Thrombosis research.- Lipid and lipoprotein research.- Organisational developments.- Cardiovascular survey methods.- Major research developments after 1970.- Clinical trials on the reduction or prevention of atheromatous coronary heart disease.- 27 Clinical Coronary Heart Disease.- Myocardial infarction — 1945–60.- Myocardial infarction — 1960 onward.- Unstable angina.- Variant angina.- Stable angina.- 28 Leaders of British Cardiology.- Russell Claude Brock, Lord Brock of Wimbledon.- Sir Thomas Lewis.- Sir James Mackenzie.- Sir John McMichael.- Sir John Parkinson.- Paul Hamilton Wood.