Blood Cell Biochemistry Volume 3: Lymphocytes and Granulocytes

ISBN-13: 9781461366928 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 413 str.

J. Robin Harris; J. Robin Harris

Opis

This, the third volume of the Blood Cell Biochemistry series, follows the pattern estab- lished in the two previous volumes by containing up-to-date specialist reviews of topics of current interest within the field of study defined by the subtitle. Thus, the topics included can be loosely classified under the broad subtitle "Lymphocytes and Granulocytes," but this does not indicate the full scope of content, scientific interest, and emphasis of the present volume. The opening chapter, by Antonio Bonati, surveys the currently available bio- chemical, immunological, and molecular markers of hemopoietic precursor cells. This is followed, appropriately, by a contribution from Arnold S. Freedman on the cell surface markers in leukemia and lymphoma. In a detailed chapter, Annette Schmitt-Graff and Giulio Gabbiani discuss the cytoskeletal organization of normal and leukemic lympho- cytes and lymphoblasts. John C. Cambier and his colleagues then present a discussion of the signaling events in T-Iymphocyte-dependent B-Iymphocyte activation. Lymphocyte IgE receptors and IgE-binding factors are dealt with by Kwang-Myong Kim and his colleagues, and the role ofgranule mediators in lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis is covered by John Ding-E Young and his associates. A short contribution from James D. Katz deals with the intricacies and difficulties of studies on the complement C3b (CRl) receptor and its cytoskeletal interactions in neutrophils. Arthur K. Sullivan then presents an in-depth survey of the membrane biochemistry surrounding the flow of granule organelles in leukocyte differentiation.

Spis treści

1 Biochemical, Immunological, and Molecular Markers of Hemopoietic Precursor Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biochemical Markers.- 2.1. Terminal Deoxynucleotide Transferase.- 2.2. Enzymes in Nucleotide Metabolism.- 3. Immunological Markers.- 4. Molecular Markers.- 5. Analysis of Human Hemopoietic Ontogenesis by Immunological and Molecular Markers.- 6. New Opportunities for Immunological and Molecular Markers: Minimal Residual Disease Detection and Therapeutical Approaches.- 7. References.- 2 Cell Surface Markers in Leukemia and Lymphoma.- 1. Introduction.- 2. B Cells.- 2.1. Normal B-Cell Ontogeny.- 2.2. B-Cell Leukemias and Lymphomas.- 3. T Cells.- 3.1. Normal T-Cell Ontogeny.- 3.2. T-Cell Leukemias and Lymphomas.- 4. Myeloid Cells.- 4.1. Normal Myeloid Ontogeny.- 4.2. Myeloid Leukemias.- 5. Summary.- 6. References.- 3 Cytoskeletal Organization of Normal and Leukemic Lymphocytes and Lymphoblasts.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Microfilaments in Normal and Leukemic Lymphocytes and Lymphoblasts.- 2.1. Actin and Actin-Associated Proteins in Nonmuscle Cells.- 2.2. Actin Isoforms.- 2.3. Organization of Actin in Normal Lymphocytes.- 2.4. Interactions between Actin and Surface Antigens in Lymphocytes.- 2.5. Actin in Leukemic Lymphocytes and Lymphoblasts.- 3. Intermediate-Size Filaments in Normal and Leukemic Lymphocytes and Lymphoblasts.- 3.1. The Intermediate Filament System.- 3.2. Distribution of Vimentin in Lymphocytes in Normal Conditions.- 3.3. Vimentin in Neoplastic Lymphocytes and Lymphoblasts.- 3.4. Expression of Cytokeratin in Lymphoid Tissues.- 4. Microtubules in Lymphoid Cells.- 5. Organization of Spectrin in Lymphocytes.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 4 Signaling Events in T-Lymphocyte-Dependent B-Lymphocyte Activation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. B-Cell Antigen Receptor-Mediated Signaling.- 3. Molecular Bases of T-Cell-Mediated B-Cell Signaling.- 4. Biological Evidence for Ia-Mediated Signal Transduction.- 5. Biochemical Evidence for Ia-Mediated Signal Transduction.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 5 IgE Receptors on Lymphocytes and IgE-Binding Factors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Overview.- 3. Fc?RII on Lymphocytes.- 3.1. Fc?RII-Bearing Cells.- 3.2. Function of Fc?RII.- 3.3. Molecular Properties of Fc?RII.- 3.4. Regulation of Fc?RII Expression on Lymphocytes.- 4. IgE-Binding Factors.- 4.1. Rat.- 4.2. Murine.- 4.3. Human.- 5. Glycosylation-Regulating Factors: GEF and GIF.- 5.1. Rat.- 5.2. Murine.- 6. Interleukin 4 and Gamma Interferon.- 7. CD23 Antigen.- 8. Conclusion.- 9. References.- 6 Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytolysis: Role of Granule Mediators.- 1. Role of Granules and Perform in Lymphocyte-Mediated Killing.- 1.1. The Granule Exocytosis or Secretion Model for Cell Killing.- 1.2. Cytoplasmic Granules and Perform as Mediators of Cytotoxicity.- 1.3. A Family of Serine Esterases Localized in Lymphocyte Granules.- 1.4. Proteoglycans.- 1.5. Leukalexins and Cytokines Related to Tumor Necrosis Factor and Lymphotoxin.- 2. Other Candidate Mechanisms of Lymphocyte-Mediated Killing.- 3. Resistance of Lymphocytes to Self-Mediated Killing.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. References.- 7 CR1—Cytoskeleton Interactions in Neutrophils.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Detergent Extraction of Cells.- 3. Receptor—Cytoskeleton Interactions.- 4. The C3b Receptor (CR1).- 5. References.- 8 The Flow of Granular Organelles in Leukocyte Differentiation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biogenesis of Membrane-Bound Organelles.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Endoplasmic Reticulum.- 2.3. Golgi Complex.- 2.4. Lysosomes.- 2.5. Communication between Compartments: Endosomes.- 2.6. Secretory Granules.- 3. Leukocyte Granules are Major Determinants of Function.- 3.1. Neutrophils.- 3.2. Platelets.- 3.3. Cytotoxic Lymphocytes.- 4. Granules Interact with the Plasma Membrane.- 4.1. Neutrophils.- 4.2. Platelets.- 5. Pathology of Myeloid Granules and Plasma Membranes.- 5.1. Nonneoplastic.- 5.2. Leukemic.- 6. Conclusion.- 7. References.- 9 The Elusive Oxidase: The Respiratory Burst Oxidase of Human Phagocytes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Respiratory Burst.- 2.1. General Description.- 2.2. Oxygen Radical Species Produced in the Respiratory Burst.- 3. The Activated NADPH Oxidase.- 3.1. Subcellular Localization of the Oxidase.- 3.2. Stoichiometry and Cofactor Requirements of the Active Oxidase.- 4. Identification of Components of the Oxidase.- 4.1. Attempts to Isolate the NADPH Oxidase from Stimulated Cells.- 4.2. Activation of the Oxidase in Resting Phagocyte Membranes in a Cell-Free System.- 5. Postulated Components of the NADPH Oxidase.- 5.1. A Membrane-Associated Cytochrome b.- 5.2. A 47-kDa Phosphoprotein.- 5.3. A Cytosolic 65-kDa Flavoprotein.- 5.4. Cytosolic Nucleotide-Binding Proteins.- 5.5. Other Oxidase Components or Cofactors.- 6. Summary.- 7. References.- 10 Myeloperoxidase: Localization, Structure, and Function.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Background.- 3. Structure.- 4. Synthesis.- 4.1. Biosynthesis, Glycosylation, Further Processing, and Intracellular Transport.- 4.2. Biosynthesis of the Herne Prosthetic Group.- 5. Molecular Biology: The Myeloperoxidase Gene.- 6. Function.- 6.1. Mechanism of Action of the Myeloperoxidase System.- 6.2. The Myeloperoxidase-Mediated Antimicrobial System.- 6.3. Extracellular Effects of the Myeloperoxidase System.- 7. References.- 11 Mechanisms of Oxidase Activation in Neutrophils: Importance of Intracellular Calcium and Cytoskeletal Interactions.- 1. Importance of the Neutrophil Oxidase in Physiology and Pathology.- 1.1. Overview.- 1.2. Appropriate and Inappropriate Oxidase Activation.- 2. The Neutrophil Oxidase.- 2.1. Molecular Properties.- 2.2. Subcellular Location.- 2.3. Superoxide Production.- 3. Stimulus—Oxidase Activation Coupling.- 3.1. Role of Calcium.- 3.2. Role of Protein Kinases.- 3.3. Role of Phospholipid-Derived Messengers.- 3.4. Role of Other Intracellular Messengers.- 3.5. Priming.- 4. Cytoskeletal Components and Neutrophil Activity.- 4.1. Microfilaments.- 4.2. Microtubules.- 4.3. Intermediate Filaments.- 4.4. Microtrabeculae.- 4.5. Interaction between Cytoskeletal Components.- 5. Actin Polymerization and Oxidase Activation.- 5.1. Characteristics of Actin Polymerization Accompanying Oxidase Activation.- 5.2. Interaction of Actin Polymerization with Oxidase Activation.- 5.3. Actin Polymerization and Ca2+ Homeostasis.- 5.4. Intracellular Triggers for Actin Polymerization.- 6. Conclusion.- 7. References.- 12 Neutrophil and Eosinophil Granules as Stores of “Defense” Proteins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Vacuolar Apparatus of Granulocytes.- 2.1. Neutrophils.- 2.2. Eosinophils.- 3. Defense Polypeptides of Granulocytes.- 3.1. Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein.- 3.2. Cationic Antimicrobial Proteins 57 and 37.- 3.3. Cathepsin G.- 3.4. Defensins.- 3.5. Bactenecins.- 3.6. Eosinophil Major Basic Protein.- 3.7. Eosinophil Cationic Protein.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. References.- 13 Membrane Glycoproteins of Mast Cells and Basophils.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Receptors for Complement Anaphylatoxins on Mast Cells and Basophils.- 2.1. The Anaphylatoxins.- 2.2. Characterization of Anaphylatoxin Receptors.- 3. Immunoglobulin Receptors on Mast Cells and Basophils.- 3.1. Fc?R1, the High-Affinity Receptor for IgE Fc.- 3.2. Molecular Cloning of Fc?R1 Subunits.- 3.3. Mast Cell and Basophil Receptors for IgE Fc.- 4 Immunoglobulin E on Mast Cells and Basophils.- 4.1. Interaction of IgE Fc with Mast Cells and Basophils.- 4.2. Structure and Biochemistry of IgE.- 4.3. Conformation of Receptor-Bound IgE.- 4.4. Molecular Cloning of ?.- 5. Hemopoietic Lineage-Associated Membrane Glycoproteins of Mast Cells and Basophils.- 5.1. Serologically Defined Membrane Glycoproteins.- 5.2. Receptors for Hemopoietic Growth Factors.- 5.3. Cytoadhesive Glycoproteins of Mast Cells.- 6. References.