Behavior of Marine Animals: Current Perspectives in Research

ISBN-13: 9781468429879 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 458 str.

Howard E. Winn; Bori L. Olla

Opis

Four years ago we began soliciting articles for this volume from authors who were engaged in comprehensive research on whales. From the outset we decided not to limit the subject matter to behavior but to also include natural history. Much of what is known about the behavior of whales arose from studies whose principal aim was not behavior, much as it did for other animal groups before behavior was considered a distinct discipline. Thus in many of the articles behavior is closely intertwined with natural history and in others is completely overshadowed by a basic natural history approach. Our aim was to have the articles contain a review of the literature and include research findings not previously published. For all intents and purposes this aim has been realized, albeit perhaps not in as balanced a fashion in terms of species or subject matter as was originally planned. Nevertheless, we believe the articles present a wide range of informative works with a myriad of approaches and techniques represented. We are grateful to the contributors for their patience and understanding in awaiting publication, which has taken much longer than we originally expected. We are also grateful tor the assistance of a number of people, especially Julie Fischer and Lois Winn for their editorial efforts, and Jill Grover, Carol Samet, and Lois Winn for their help in indexing.

Spis treści

1 Some Recent Uses and Potentials of Radiotelemetry in Field Studies of Cetaceans.- I. Introduction.- A. Historical Background.- B. Transmitter and Receiver Development.- II. Radio Tracking from Aircraft and Satellites.- A. Hand-Held Receivers and Automatic Direction Finders.- B. Fuselage-Mounted Antennae.- C. Tests of Performance.- D. Relocation and Data Collection.- E. Gigi.- III. Shore Station Monitoring.- A. Radio Tracking Using Shore Stations.- IV. Radiotelemetry and Coordinated Environmental Sampling.- V. Multiple Animal Radio Tracks.- VI. Methods for Attaching Radio Transmitter Packages.- VII. Summary and Recommendations.- References.- 2 Identification of Humpback Whales by Fluke Photographs.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- III. Results.- IV. Discussion.- V. Summary.- References.- 3 The Natural History of Dall’s Porpoise in the North Pacific Ocean.- I. Introduction.- II. Taxonomic Considerations.- III. Distribution and Population Shifts.- IV. Predators.- V. Coloration.- VI. Parasites and Commensals.- A. Helminth Parasites.- B. Epizoic Commensals.- VII. Feeding Habits.- VIII. Morphology.- A. External Morphology.- B. Organ Weights.- IX. Reproduction.- A. Female Reproductive Tract.- B. Male Reproductive Tract.- X. Behavior.- A. Swimming.- B. Diving.- C. Play.- D. Agonistic Behavior.- E. Senses.- XI. Discussion and Conclusions.- References.- 4 The Northern Right Whale Dolphin Lissodelphis borealis Peale in the Eastern North Pacific.- I. Introduction.- II. Distribution, Seasonal Movement, and Abundance.- A. Smithsonian Institution.- B. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS).- C. University of California.- D. Naval Undersea Center.- III. Herd Sizes.- IV. Herd Configuration.- V. Interspecific Associations.- VI. Swimming Behavior.- VII. Sound Production.- VIII. Strandings.- IX. Coloration.- A. Coloration of Adults.- B. Coloration of Calves.- C. Color Variation.- X. Reproduction.- XI. Food Habits.- XII. Parasitism.- XIII. Morphometrics.- References.- 5 The Natural History of the Bottlenose Whale, Hyperoodon ampullatus Forster.- I. Introduction.- II. Distribution.- A. Geographic Distribution.- B. Migration.- C. Water Depth.- D. Water Temperature.- E. Relation to Ice.- F. Segregation.- III. Behavior.- A. Social Organization.- B. Care-Giving.- C. Diving.- IV. Feeding.- V. Reproduction.- A. Sexual Maturity in Males.- B. Sexual Maturity in Females.- C. Pregnancy.- D. Lactation.- E. Reproductive Cycle.- VI. Age and Growth.- VII. Summary.- References.- 6 The Socioecology of Humpback Dolphins (Sousa sp.).- I. Introduction.- II. The Study Area.- A. Zone I.- B. Zone II.- III. Methods.- IV. Statistical Analysis of Results.- V. The Dolphins.- A. Calf I.- B. Calf II.- C. Juvenile.- D. Grayback.- E. Whitefin.- VI. Results.- A. Range.- B. Seasonal Occurrence.- C. Social Structure.- D. Birth Periodicity.- E. Maintenance Activities and Social Behavior.- F. Utilization of Habitat.- G. Diurnal Activity Cycle.- H. Influence of the Tidal Cycle upon Behavior.- I. Interactions with Other Animals.- VII. Discussion.- References.- 7 Social Organization in Sperm Whales, Physeter macrocephalus.- I. Introduction.- A. Review of Previous Work.- B. Scope of the Present Work.- II. Composition of Population.- III. Composition of Groupings.- A. All-Male Groups.- B. Groups of Mixed Sexes.- C. Effective Sex Ratio in the Population.- IV. Ontogeny of Schooling Behavior.- A. Segregation of Males from Mixed Schools.- B. Segregation of Males to Higher Latitudes.- V. Geographical Distribution of Groupings.- VI. Migrations.- VII. Social Organization and Its Development.- A. Form of Social Organization in the Sperm Whale.- B. Evolution of Polygyny.- VIII. Implications for Management.- References.- 8 Behavior and Significance of Entrapped Baleen Whales.- I. Introduction.- II. Ice Entrapment.- A. Causes.- B. Experimental Methods.- C. Results.- D. Discussion.- III. Net Entrapments.- A. Causes.- B. Experimental Methods.- C. Results.- D. Discussion.- IV. Techniques of Measuring, Tagging, and Release.- V. Significance and Summary.- References.- 9 The Vocal and Behavioral Reactions of the Beluga, Delphinapterus leucas, to Playback of Its Sounds.- I. Introduction.- II. Materials and Methods.- III. Results.- A. Playback of Sounds Recorded from the Captive Animals.- B. Playback of Sounds Recorded from the Saguenay Herd.- IV. Discussion.- A. Playback of Sounds Recorded from the Captive Animals.- B. Playback of Sounds Recorded from the Saguenay Herd.- References.- 10 The Whistle Repertoire of the North Atlantic Pilot Whale (Globicephala melaena) and Its Relationship to Behavior and Environment.- I. Introduction.- II. Materials and Methods.- III. Results.- IV. Discussion.- V. Summary.- References.- 11 The Whistle of the Atlantic Bottlenosed Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)—Ontogeny.- I. Introduction.- II. Literature Review.- III. Methods.- IV. Equipment.- V. Differences in Whistles by Age Class.- A. Sound Loops.- B. Durations.- C. Frequency Modulations.- D. Stereotypy.- VI. Analyses of Whistles of Individual Infants.- A. Infant Number 1.- B. Infant Number 2.- C. Infant Number 3.- D. Infant Number 4.- E. Infant Number 5.- F. Infant Number 6.- G. Infant Number 7.- H. Infant Number 8.- I. Infant Number 9.- J. Infant Number 10.- K. Infant Number 11.- L. Infant Number 12.- M. Infant Number 13.- N. Infant Number 14.- VII. Summary and Discussion.- References.- 12 Mysticete Sounds.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- III. Species Accounts.- A. Mysticete Taxonomy.- B. Family Balaenidae.- C. Family Eschrichtiidae.- D. Family Balaenopteridae.- IV. Miscellaneous Sounds.- V. Discussion.- References.