Analysis of Solids in Natural Waters

ISBN-13: 9783642852251 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 271 str.

Thomas R. Crompton

Opis

As only a few books have been published on the matter of toxic materials in water it occurred to the author that a comprehensive volume dealing with all aspects of this subject was overdue. In this book there is a complete discussion of world literature on the determination of metals, non-metals, organic substances, organometallic com pounds, together with organic carbon parameters and radioactive elements in river, stream, lake and pond sediments, marine and estuarine sediments, river and sea fish, crustacea and molluscs, phytoplankton and sea and river weeds. Much very detailed work has been carried out on this subject over the past 20 years and a review of this work is timely in view of the increasing interest to chemists, environmentalists and others concerned with the quality of our environ ment. The presence of organic and inorganic substances in river and oceanic sediments is due in part to man-made pollution, and monitoring the levels of these substances in sediment and sediment core samples provides an indication of the time dependence of element concentration over large time spans. Contamination of sediments is found not only in rivers but also in estuarine sediments and sometimes in oceanic sedi ments, and this sediment analysis provides a means of tracking elements from their sources through the ecosystem."

Recenzje

"The author has succeeded in compiling a volume that contains a wealth of information...a very well organized book, in which it is easy for the interested reader to locate information on analytical chemistry methods suitable for their needs. This is an excellent comprehensive reference for its subject area. " - Journal of Environmental Quality

Spis treści

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Determination of Metals.- 1.2 Determination of Organometallic Compounds.- 1.3 Determination of Organic Compounds.- 2 River and Stream Sediments.- 2.1 Metals.- 2.1.1 Antimony.- 2.1.2 Arsenic.- 2.1.3 Bismuth.- 2.1.4 Cadmium.- 2.1.5 Chromium.- 2.1.6 Copper.- 2.1.7 Gallium.- 2.1.8 Lead.- 2.1.9 Mercury.- 2.1.10 Silver.- 2.1.11 Selenium.- 2.1.12 Tin.- 2.1.13 Multi-Element Analysis.- 2.2 Non-Metals.- 2.2.1 Total Nitrogen.- 2.2.2 Organic and Total Phosphorus.- 2.3 Organic Carbon Parameters.- 2.3.1 Percentage Carbon.- 2.3.2 Oxygen Demand Parameters.- 2.3.3 Volatile Sulphide.- 2.4 Organics.- 2.4.1 Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 2.4.2 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons.- 2.4.3 Phenols.- 2.4.4 Fatty Acids.- 2.4.5 Humic and Fulvic Acids.- 2.4.6 Carbohydrates.- 2.4.7 Phthalate Esters.- 2.4.8 Detergents.- 2.4.9 Volatile Aliphatic Chloro Compounds.- 2.4.10 Non-Volatile Organochlorine Compounds.- 2.4.11 Chlorinated Insecticides.- 2.4.12 Polychlorinated Biphenyls.- 2.4.13 Trialkyl and Triaryl Phosphates.- 2.4.14 Organophosphorus Insecticides.- 2.4.15 Herbicides.- 2.4.16 Dioxins (Tetrachloro to Octachloro Dibenzo-p-dioxins) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans.- 2.4.17 Adenosine Triphosphate.- 2.4.18 General and Priority Pollutants.- 2.4.19 Organosulphur Compounds.- 2.5 Organometallic Compounds.- 2.5.1 Lead.- 2.5.2 Mercury.- 2.5.3 Tin.- 2.5.4 Silicon.- 2.6 Radioelements.- 3 Lake and Pond Sediments.- 3.1 Metals.- 3.1.1 Cadmium.- 3.1.2 Mercury.- 3.1.3 Silver.- 3.1.4 Selenium.- 3.1.5 Tin.- 3.1.6 Vanadium.- 3.1.7 Multielements.- 3.2 Non-Metals and Sulphides.- 3.2.1 Total Nitrogen.- 3.2.2 Total Phosphorus.- 3.2.3 Inorganic Sulphide.- 3.3 Organic Carbon Parameters.- 3.3.1 Organic Carbon.- 3.3.2 Sediment Oxygen Demand.- 3.4 Organics.- 3.4.1 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons.- 3.4.2 Inositol Phosphate Esters.- 3.4.3 Carbohydrates.- 3.4.4 Haloaromatic Hydrocarbons.- 3.4.5 Polychlorinated Biphenyls.- 3.4.6 Optical Whitening Agents.- 3.5 Organometallic Compounds.- 3.5.1 Lead.- 3.5.2 Mercury.- 3.5.3 Tin.- 3.6 Radioelements.- 4 Marine Sediments.- 4.1 Separation and Fractionation of Sediments from Seawater.- 4.1.1 Separation by Filtration.- 4.1.2 Separation by Centrifugation.- 4.1.3 Fractionation by Filtration.- 4.1.4 Fractionation by Column Chromatography.- 4.1.5 Fractionation by Chemical Leaching.- 4.1.6 Fractionation by Sedimentation.- 4.1.7 Fractionation by Centrifuging.- 4.1.8 Other Fractionation Methods.- 4.2 Metals.- 4.2.1 Arsenic.- 4.2.2 Bismuth.- 4.2.3 Cadmium.- 4.2.4 Cobalt and Copper.- 4.2.5 Lead.- 4.2.6 Mercury.- 4.2.7 Molybdenum.- 4.2.8 Copper and Nickel.- 4.2.9 Platinum and Iridium.- 4.2.10 Scandium.- 4.2.11 Selenium.- 4.2.12 Silver.- 4.2.13 Thallium.- 4.2.14 Zirconium.- 4.2.15 Multielements.- 4.3 Non-Metals.- 4.3.1 Boron.- 4.3.2 Sulphide and Elementary Sulphur.- 4.3.3 Organic Carbon.- 4.4 Organics.- 4.4.1 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons.- 4.4.2 Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 4.4.3 Nitrogen-Containing Aromatic Compounds.- 4.4.4 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons.- 4.4.5 Humic and Fulvic Acids.- 4.4.6 Chlorophenols.- 4.4.7 Chlorinated Insecticides.- 4.4.8 Polychlorinated Biphenyls.- 4.4.9 Basic Organic Compounds.- 4.4.10 Organosulphur Compounds.- 4.4.11 Priority Pollutants.- 4.5 Organometallic Compounds.- 4.5.1 Arsenic.- 4.5.2 Lead.- 4.5.3 Tin.- 4.6 Radioelements.- 5 Estuarine Sediments.- 5.1 Metals.- 5.1.1 Iron.- 5.1.2 Mercury.- 5.1.3 Selenium.- 5.1.4 Multielements.- 5.2 Organic Carbon Paramenters.- 5.2.1 Carbon Content.- 5.2.2 Oxygen Uptake.- 5.3 Organics.- 5.3.1 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons.- 5.3.2 Hexachlorophene.- 5.3.3 Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Chlorinated Insecticides, and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons.- 5.3.4 Chlorobenzenes.- 5.4 Organometallic Compounds.- 5.4.1 Tin.- 5.5 Radioelements.- 6 Lacustrine Sediments.- 6.1 Organics.- 6.1.1 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons.- 6.1.2 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons.- 6.1.3 Unsubstituted and Hydroxy Substituted Fatty Acids.- 6.1.4 Sterols.- 7 Fish.- 7.1 Metals.- 7.1.1 Arsenic.- 7.1.2 Cadmium.- 7.1.3 Cobalt.- 7.1.4 Copper.- 7.1.5 Lead.- 7.1.6 Mercury.- 7.1.7 Selenium.- 7.1.8 Tin.- 7.1.9 Vanadium.- 7.1.10 Multielements.- 7.2 Non-Metals.- 7.2.1 Total Nitrogen.- 7.2.2 Total Phosphorus.- 7.3 Organics.- 7.3.1 Hydrocarbons.- 7.3.2 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons.- 7.3.3 Phthalate Esters.- 7.3.4 Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons.- 7.3.5 Chlorophenols.- 7.3.6 Chlorinated Insecticides.- 7.3.7 Polychlorinated Biphenyls.- 7.3.8 Mirex (Dechlorane, C10H12).- 7.3.9 Dioxins.- 7.3.10 Hexachlorobenzene.- 7.3.11 Toxaphene.- 7.3.12 Polychlorinated Nitrobenzenes.- 7.3.13 Polychlorinated Styrenes.- 7.3.14 1,1-Dichlorodimethylsulphone.- 7.3.15 Nitrogen Bases.- 7.3.16 Organophosphorus Insecticides.- 7.3.17 Squoxin (1,1-Methylene-2-naphthol).- 7.3.18 Fluridone.- 7.3.19 Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol.- 7.3.20 ???-Trifluoro-4-nitro-m-cresol.- 7 3.21 B2 Vitamins.- 7.3.22 Vitamin E (Tocopherol).- 7.3.23 Eulan WA (Polychloro-2-(chloro methyl sulphonamido) diphenylethers).- 7.3.24 Neutral Priority Pollutants.- 7.4 Organometallic Compounds.- 7.4.1 Arsenic.- 7.4.2 Lead.- 7.4.3 Mercury.- 7.4.4 Silicon.- 7.4.5 Tin.- 8 Crustacea and Molluscs.- 8.1 Metals.- 8.1.1 Arsenic.- 8.1.2 Cadmium.- 8.1.3 Cobalt.- 8.1.4 Lead.- 8.1.5 Mercury.- 8.1.6 Selenium.- 8.1.7 Tin.- 8.1.8 Vanadium.- 8.1.9 Zinc.- 8.1.10 Multielements.- 8.2 Organics.- 8.2.1 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons.- 8.2.2 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons.- 8.2.3 Chlorinated Aliphatic Compounds.- 8.2.4 Chlorinated Insecticides.- 8.2.5 Polychlorinated Biphenyls.- 8.2.6 Polychlorinated Terphenyls.- 8.2.7 Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans.- 8.2.8 Phthalate Esters.- 8.2.9 Organophosphorus Insecticides.- 8.2.10 Organosulphur Compounds.- 8.2.11 Coprostanol.- 8.2.12 Arsenobetaine.- 8.2.13 Neutral Priority Pollutants.- 8.2.14 Ascorbic Acid-2-sulphate.- 8.2.15 Miscellaneous Organic Compounds.- 8.3 Organometallic Compounds.- 8.3.1 Lead.- 8.3.2 Mercury.- 8.3.3 Tin.- 8.4 Inorganic Elements.- 8.4.1 Iodine.- 9 Phytoplankton.- 9.1 Sampling.- 9.2 Metals.- 9.2.1 Antimony.- 9.2.2 Arsenic.- 9.2.3 Bismuth.- 9.2.4 Mercury.- 9.2.5 Tin.- 9.2.6 Multielements.- 9.3 Non-Metals.- 9.3.1 Halogens.- 9.3.2 Phosphorus.- 9.4 Organics.- 9.4.1 Hydrocarbons.- 9.4.2 Phenols.- 9.4.3 Acrylic Acid.- 9.4.4 Carbohydrates.- 9.4.5 Chlorinated Insecticides.- 9.4.6 Chlorophyllous Pigments.- 9.4.7 Humic Substances.- 9.4.8 Adenosine Triphosphate.- 9.4.9 Organosulphur Compounds.- 9.4.10 Anatoxin a.- 9.4.11 Uronic Acids and Aldoses.- 9.5 Organometallic Compounds.- 9.5.1 Arsenic.- 9.5.2 Lead.- 9.5.3 Tin.- 10 Sea and River Weeds.- 10.1 Metals.- 10.1.1 Cobalt.- 10.1.2 Mercury.- 10.1.3 Molybdenum.- 10.1.4 Tin.- 10.1.5 Zinc.- 10.1.6 Multielements.- 10.2 Non-Metals.- 10.2.1 Iodine.- 10.3 Organic Carbon Parameters.- 10.4 Organics.- 10.4.1 Hydrocarbons.- 10.4.2 Chlorinated Insecticides.- 10.4.3 Polychlorinated Biphenyls.- 10.5 Organometallic Compounds.- 10.5.1 Lead.- 10.5.2 Tin.- 11. References.- 12. Index.

Blurb

The presence of toxic organic and inorganic substances in rivers and oceanic sediments is in part due to man-made pollution. Their monitoring by chemical analysis of oceanic, estuarine, and river sediments or of organisms living in the respective ecosystems are of utmost importance. The purpose of this book is to provide the chemist with all available information for the rapid development and proper carrying out of these methods of analysis. Crompton's book is the first book which covers all kinds of samples including living organisms.