Anaerobic Digestion Processes in Industrial Wastewater Treatment

ISBN-13: 9783642712173 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 184 str.

Sandra M. Stronach; Thomasine Rudd; John N. Lester

Opis

There have been many significant microbiological, biochemical and technological advances made in the understanding and implementation of anaerobic digestion processes with respect to industrial and domestic wastewater treatment. Elucida tion of the mechanisms of anaerobic degradation has permitted a greater control over the biological parameters of waste conversion and the technical advances achieved have reduced the time and land area requirements and increased the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of the various processes presently in use. By product recovery in the form of utilisable methane gas has become increasingly feasible, while the development of new and superior anaerobic reactor designs with increased tolerance to toxic and shock loadings of concentrated effiuents has established a potential for treating many extremely recalcitrant industrial wastestreams. The major anaerobic bioreactor systems and their applications and limitations are examined here, together with microbiological and biochemical aspects of anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. London, June 1986 S. M. Stronach T. Rudd J. N. Lester v Table of Contents 1 The Biochemistry of Anaerobic Digestion 1 1. 1 Kinetics of Substrate Utilisation and Bacterial Growth 3 1. 1. 1 COD Fluxes and Mean Carbon Oxidation State 3 1. 1. 2 Bacterial Growth and Biokinetics 4 1. 1. 2. 1 Growth and Single Substrate Kinetics 4 1. 1. 2. 2 Multisubstrate Systems . 8 1. 2 Kinetics and Biochemistry of Hydrolysis 8 1. 3 Kinetics and Biochemistry of Fermentation and J1-0xidation . 11 1."

Spis treści

1 The Biochemistry of Anaerobic Digestion.- 1.1 Kinetics of Substrate Utilisation and Bacterial Growth.- 1.1.1 COD Fluxes and Mean Carbon Oxidation State.- 1.1.2 Bacterial Growth and Biokinetics.- 1.1.2.1 Growth and Single Substrate Kinetics.- 1.1.2.2 Multisubstrate Systems.- 1.2 Kinetics and Biochemistry of Hydrolysis.- 1.3 Kinetics and Biochemistry of Fermentation and ?-Oxidation.- 1.4 Kinetics of Methanogenesis.- References.- 2 The Microbiology of Anaerobic Digestion.- 2.1 Nutrient Balance in Anaerobic Digesters.- 2.2 Origin and Nature of Digester Bacteria.- 2.3 The Hydrolysing Bacteria.- 2.3.1 End-Product Inhibition During Hydrolysis.- 2.4 Intermediate Metabolism.- 2.4.1 The Fermenting Bacteria.- 2.4.2 The Bacteria of ?-Oxidation.- 2.5 The Methanogenic Bacteria.- 2.6 Other Bacterial Conversions.- 2.7 Anaerobiosis.- References.- 3 Forms of Biomass.- 3.1 Adhesion.- 3.1.1 The DVLO Theory.- 3.1.2 Interfacial Free Energy and Adhesion.- 3.1.3 Deformation in Relation to Adhesion.- 3.2 Biofilm Formation.- 3.3 Floc Formation.- 3.4 Pellet Formation.- 3.5 Entrapment in Natural Polymers.- 3.6 Estimation of Microbial Mass and Activity.- References.- 4 Influence of Environmental Factors.- 4.1 Temperature.- 4.2 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH).- 4.3 Physical Parameters.- 4.4 Nutrients.- References.- 5 Toxic Substances in Anaerobic Digestion.- 5.1 Volatile Acids Inhibition.- 5.2 Sulphide Inhibition.- 5.3 Ammonia-Nitrogen Inhibition.- 5.4 Heavy Metals.- 5.4.1 The Effect of Heavy Metal Speciation in Anaerobic Digestion.- 5.4.2 The Effect of Heavy Metals on the Bacterial Flora of Anaerobic Digesters.- 5.5 The Effect of Cyanide.- 5.6 Anthropogenic and Recalcitrant Compounds in Anaerobic Digestion.- 5.6.1 Response of Digester Systems to Complex Organics.- 5.6.2 Response of Anaerobic Bacteria to Hazardous Organic Molecules.- References.- 6 Single-Staged Non-Attached Biomass Reactors.- 6.1 The Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor.- 6.1.1 Design and Operation.- 6.1.2 Process Efficiency.- 6.2 The Contact Process.- 6.2.1 Design and Operation.- 6.2.2 Process Efficiency.- 6.3 The Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor.- 6.3.1 Design and Operation.- 6.3.2 Process Efficiency.- References.- 7 Single-Stage Fixed-Film Filter and Contact Processes.- 7.1 Anaerobic Filters.- 7.1.1 Design and Operation.- 7.1.2 Process Efficiency.- 7.2 Rotating Biological Contactors.- 7.2.1 Design and Operation.- 7.2.2 Process Efficiency.- 7.3 Carrier-Assisted Contact Reactors.- 7.3.1 Design and Operation.- 7.3.2 Process Efficiency.- 7.4 Hybrid Reactors.- References.- 8 Single-Stage Fixed-Film Expanded Processes.- 8.1 Expanded Bed Reactors.- 8.1.1 Design and Operation.- 8.1.2 Process Efficiency.- 8.2 Fluidised Bed Reactors.- 8.2.1 Design and Operation.- 8.2.2 Process Efficiency.- References.- 9 Developments in Reactor Design.- 9.1 Improvements.- 9.2 Multi-Stage Operations.- 9.3 Two-Phase Digestion.- References.- 10 Start-Up of Anaerobic Bioreactors.- 10.1 Nutrient Balance and Inhibition at Start-Up.- 10.2 Seeding and Loading Regimes.- 10.3 Washout.- 10.4 Turbulence and Shear.- References.- 11 Economic Considerations.- 11.1 Comparisons of Reactor Types and Efficiencies.- 11.1.1 Overloading and Intermittent Operation.- 11.1.2 Tolerance to Toxic Shocks.- 11.2 Wastewater Characteristics.- 11.3 Cost Analyses.- References.- 12 List of Abbreviations.- 13 Subject Index.