Advances in Microbial Ecology

ISBN-13: 9781461582939 / Angielski / Miękka / 2013 / 247 str.

Martin Alexander

Opis

The literature in microbial ecology is growing rapidly. Journals in many countries dealing with microbiology, ecology, environmental sciences, and environmental technology are publishing an ever-increasing number of papers, and these reports are providing microbial ecologists with a wealth of information. This body of data is now so large and the research is published in so many journals and mono graphs that maintaining an overview of the development of the field grows more difficult. The role of Advances in Microbial Ecology thus becomes more obvious with time. The articles in the present volume encompass an array of topics appropriate to the development of the discipline of microbial ecology. Both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are subjects of attention, and a variety of microbiological groups come under review. Furthermore, methodological problems and ap proaches are not overlooked. The ecology of protozoa, constraints on their populations, and their role in nutrient cycling and energy flow are considered by J. D. Stout. A unique micro environment is discussed by B. Norkrans, the surface microlayer of aquatic eco systems, and Dr. Norkrans presents information on a field that has blossomed in the last few years. The subject of the review by H. S. Lowendorf is the genus Rhizobium, a group of bacteria whose importance has grown as the cost of fuel for production of nitrogen fertilizers and ultimately for protein production has increased."

Spis treści

The Role of Protozoa in Nutrient Cycling and Energy Flow.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nutrient Dynamics.- 2.1. Nutrient Cycles and Energy Flow.- 3. Ecological Constraints of the Microhabitat.- 3.1. Physical Constraints.- 3.2. Nutrient Transport and Turnover.- 3.3. Energetics.- 4. Population Structure and Dynamics.- 4.1. Population Density, Trophic Structure, and Available Resource.- 4.2. Marine Ecosystems.- 4.3. Freshwater and Polluted Ecosystems.- 4.4. Terrestrial Ecosystems.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 2 Surface Microlayers in Aquatic Environments.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Surface Microlayer(s).- 2.1. Sampling Devices for Collection of the Surface Microlayers.- 2.2. The Lipid Film.- 2.3. Polysaccharide-Protein Complex Layer.- 2.4. Bacterioneuston Layer.- 3. Some General Concepts for Lipid FilmsStates.- 4. Microbial Interaction at the Surface Lipid Film—Gaseous, Liquid, and Solid.- 4.1. Bacterial Accumulation at the Surface Lipid Film.- 4.2. Physicochemical Characterization of the Microbial Interaction at the Surface Lipid Film.- 4.3. Some Remarks about the Microbial Interaction at Gas-Liquid and Solid-Liquid Interfaces.- 5. Factors Affecting Microbial Structure and Function of the Surface Microlayers.- 5.1. Availiability of Nutrients for Bacterial Growth.- 5.2. Biochemical Activity of Neustonic Bacteria.- 5.3. Potentially Detrimental Factors for Survival and Growth in Surface Microlayers.- 6. Phytoneuston Layers: Some Characteristics.- References.- 3 Factors Affecting Survival of Rhizobium in Soil.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Terminology and Methods Used for Enumerating and Distinguishing Strains of Rhizobium in the Soil.- 2.1. Terminology.- 2.2. Methods.- 3. Factors Affecting Rhizobial Survival.- 3.1. Observed Persistence in the Field.- 3.2. Stimulation of Rhizobium in the Rhizosphere.- 3.3. Soil Factors.- 3.4. Rhizobium Strain Differences.- 4. Conclusions and Recommendations.- References.- 4 Microbial Ecology of Flooded Rice Soils.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Floodwater.- 2.1. Organisms Inhabiting the Floodwater.- 2.2. Photosynthesis and Respiration.- 2.3. N2 Fixation by Photoautotrophs.- 3. Surface Oxidized Layer.- 3.1. Nitrification at the Surface Soil Layer.- 3.2. Methane Oxidation.- 3.3. Photosynthetic Bacteria.- 4. Reduced Layer.- 4.1. Sequential Reductions and Microorganisms Responsible for Each Reduction Process.- 4.2. Nature of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria.- 4.3. Other Microorganisms.- 4.4. Heterogeneous Distribution of Microorganisms and Role of Organic Debris.- 4.5. Water Percolation and Microbial Activity.- 5. Subsoil.- 5.1. Microbial Enrichment as Affected by Leaching.- 5.2. Manganese Oxidation.- 6. Root Zone of Rice.- 6.1. Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Wetland Rice Roots.- 6.2. Organic Substances Released from Rice Roots and “Reducing Power” of Rice Roots.- 6.3. Characteristics of Microflora of Rice Rhizosphere.- 6.4. Invasion of Rice Root Tissues by Microorganisms.- 7. Perspective and Conclusion.- References.- 5 Microbial Oxidation of Organic Matter of Histosols.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Subsidence—The Process.- 1.2. Products of Subsidence.- 2. Microbial Activities in Newly Drained Peats.- 2.1. Microbial Population.- 2.2. Changes of Microbial Activity in Soil Profile.- 2.3. Biomass Variation in the Soil Profile.- 2.4. Chemical Nature of the Soil Organic Matter Following the Transition Period.- 3. Carbon Metabolism in Well-Humified, Cultivated Histosols.- 3.1. The Substrate.- 3.2. Catabolism of Humic Acids.- 3.3. Readily Oxidizable Substrates.- 3.4. Soil Enzymes.- 4. Factors Limiting Soil Organic Matter Oxidation.- 4.1. Moisture and Oxygen.- 4.2. Temperature.- 4.3. Organic Amendments.- 4.4. Mineral Additives.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 6 The Immunofluorescence Approach in Microbial Ecology.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Theory and General Considerations.- 1.2. Development of FA for Microbial Ecology.- 2. Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria.- 2.1. Rhizobia.- 2.2. Asymbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria.- 3. Nitrifying Bacteria.- 3.1. Nitrite Oxidizers.- 3.2. Ammonia Oxidizers.- 4. Sulfur- and Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria.- 4.1. Thiobacillus in Coal-Refuse Material.- 4.2. Sulfolobus in Hot Springs.- 5. Bacteria Involved in the Methane Cycle in Lakes: Methanogens and Methylotrophs.- 5.1. Methanogens in Lake Sediments.- 5.2. Methylotrophs in Lake Sediments and Waters.- 6. Anaerobic Bacteria.- 6.1. Clostridium in Soil.- 6.2. Sphaerophorus in Soil and Animal Tissues.- 7. Public Health and Water Pollution Microbiology.- 7.1. Bacteriological Indicators of Fecal Pollution.- 7.2. Legionnaires’ Disease Bacteria (Legionella) in Nonepidemic-Related Habitats.- 8. Plant Pathogenic Bacteria.- 9. Filamentous Fungi.- 10. Other Applications.- 11. Problems and Limitations.- 11.1. Specificity.- 11.2. Autofluorescence and Nonspecific Adsorption.- 11.3. Antigen Stability.- 11.4. Viability.- 11.5. Quantification.- References.